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Egor Matveev
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Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: autocommand
Version: 2.2.2
Summary: A library to create a command-line program from a function
Home-page: https://github.com/Lucretiel/autocommand
Author: Nathan West
License: LGPLv3
Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/Lucretiel/autocommand
Project-URL: Bug Tracker, https://github.com/Lucretiel/autocommand/issues
Platform: any
Classifier: Development Status :: 6 - Mature
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: GNU Lesser General Public License v3 (LGPLv3)
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
Requires-Python: >=3.7
Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
License-File: LICENSE
[![PyPI version](https://badge.fury.io/py/autocommand.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/py/autocommand)
# autocommand
A library to automatically generate and run simple argparse parsers from function signatures.
## Installation
Autocommand is installed via pip:
```
$ pip install autocommand
```
## Usage
Autocommand turns a function into a command-line program. It converts the function's parameter signature into command-line arguments, and automatically runs the function if the module was called as `__main__`. In effect, it lets your create a smart main function.
```python
from autocommand import autocommand
# This program takes exactly one argument and echos it.
@autocommand(__name__)
def echo(thing):
print(thing)
```
```
$ python echo.py hello
hello
$ python echo.py -h
usage: echo [-h] thing
positional arguments:
thing
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
$ python echo.py hello world # too many arguments
usage: echo.py [-h] thing
echo.py: error: unrecognized arguments: world
```
As you can see, autocommand converts the signature of the function into an argument spec. When you run the file as a program, autocommand collects the command-line arguments and turns them into function arguments. The function is executed with these arguments, and then the program exits with the return value of the function, via `sys.exit`. Autocommand also automatically creates a usage message, which can be invoked with `-h` or `--help`, and automatically prints an error message when provided with invalid arguments.
### Types
You can use a type annotation to give an argument a type. Any type (or in fact any callable) that returns an object when given a string argument can be used, though there are a few special cases that are described later.
```python
@autocommand(__name__)
def net_client(host, port: int):
...
```
Autocommand will catch `TypeErrors` raised by the type during argument parsing, so you can supply a callable and do some basic argument validation as well.
### Trailing Arguments
You can add a `*args` parameter to your function to give it trailing arguments. The command will collect 0 or more trailing arguments and supply them to `args` as a tuple. If a type annotation is supplied, the type is applied to each argument.
```python
# Write the contents of each file, one by one
@autocommand(__name__)
def cat(*files):
for filename in files:
with open(filename) as file:
for line in file:
print(line.rstrip())
```
```
$ python cat.py -h
usage: ipython [-h] [file [file ...]]
positional arguments:
file
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
```
### Options
To create `--option` switches, just assign a default. Autocommand will automatically create `--long` and `-s`hort switches.
```python
@autocommand(__name__)
def do_with_config(argument, config='~/foo.conf'):
pass
```
```
$ python example.py -h
usage: example.py [-h] [-c CONFIG] argument
positional arguments:
argument
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-c CONFIG, --config CONFIG
```
The option's type is automatically deduced from the default, unless one is explicitly given in an annotation:
```python
@autocommand(__name__)
def http_connect(host, port=80):
print('{}:{}'.format(host, port))
```
```
$ python http.py -h
usage: http.py [-h] [-p PORT] host
positional arguments:
host
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-p PORT, --port PORT
$ python http.py localhost
localhost:80
$ python http.py localhost -p 8080
localhost:8080
$ python http.py localhost -p blah
usage: http.py [-h] [-p PORT] host
http.py: error: argument -p/--port: invalid int value: 'blah'
```
#### None
If an option is given a default value of `None`, it reads in a value as normal, but supplies `None` if the option isn't provided.
#### Switches
If an argument is given a default value of `True` or `False`, or
given an explicit `bool` type, it becomes an option switch.
```python
@autocommand(__name__)
def example(verbose=False, quiet=False):
pass
```
```
$ python example.py -h
usage: example.py [-h] [-v] [-q]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose
-q, --quiet
```
Autocommand attempts to do the "correct thing" in these cases- if the default is `True`, then supplying the switch makes the argument `False`; if the type is `bool` and the default is some other `True` value, then supplying the switch makes the argument `False`, while not supplying the switch makes the argument the default value.
Autocommand also supports the creation of switch inverters. Pass `add_nos=True` to `autocommand` to enable this.
```
@autocommand(__name__, add_nos=True)
def example(verbose=False):
pass
```
```
$ python example.py -h
usage: ipython [-h] [-v] [--no-verbose]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose
--no-verbose
```
Using the `--no-` version of a switch will pass the opposite value in as a function argument. If multiple switches are present, the last one takes precedence.
#### Files
If the default value is a file object, such as `sys.stdout`, then autocommand just looks for a string, for a file path. It doesn't do any special checking on the string, though (such as checking if the file exists); it's better to let the client decide how to handle errors in this case. Instead, it provides a special context manager called `smart_open`, which behaves exactly like `open` if a filename or other openable type is provided, but also lets you use already open files:
```python
from autocommand import autocommand, smart_open
import sys
# Write the contents of stdin, or a file, to stdout
@autocommand(__name__)
def write_out(infile=sys.stdin):
with smart_open(infile) as f:
for line in f:
print(line.rstrip())
# If a file was opened, it is closed here. If it was just stdin, it is untouched.
```
```
$ echo "Hello World!" | python write_out.py | tee hello.txt
Hello World!
$ python write_out.py --infile hello.txt
Hello World!
```
### Descriptions and docstrings
The `autocommand` decorator accepts `description` and `epilog` kwargs, corresponding to the `description <https://docs.python.org/3/library/argparse.html#description>`_ and `epilog <https://docs.python.org/3/library/argparse.html#epilog>`_ of the `ArgumentParser`. If no description is given, but the decorated function has a docstring, then it is taken as the `description` for the `ArgumentParser`. You can also provide both the description and epilog in the docstring by splitting it into two sections with 4 or more - characters.
```python
@autocommand(__name__)
def copy(infile=sys.stdin, outfile=sys.stdout):
'''
Copy an the contents of a file (or stdin) to another file (or stdout)
----------
Some extra documentation in the epilog
'''
with smart_open(infile) as istr:
with smart_open(outfile, 'w') as ostr:
for line in istr:
ostr.write(line)
```
```
$ python copy.py -h
usage: copy.py [-h] [-i INFILE] [-o OUTFILE]
Copy an the contents of a file (or stdin) to another file (or stdout)
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-i INFILE, --infile INFILE
-o OUTFILE, --outfile OUTFILE
Some extra documentation in the epilog
$ echo "Hello World" | python copy.py --outfile hello.txt
$ python copy.py --infile hello.txt --outfile hello2.txt
$ python copy.py --infile hello2.txt
Hello World
```
### Parameter descriptions
You can also attach description text to individual parameters in the annotation. To attach both a type and a description, supply them both in any order in a tuple
```python
@autocommand(__name__)
def copy_net(
infile: 'The name of the file to send',
host: 'The host to send the file to',
port: (int, 'The port to connect to')):
'''
Copy a file over raw TCP to a remote destination.
'''
# Left as an exercise to the reader
```
### Decorators and wrappers
Autocommand automatically follows wrapper chains created by `@functools.wraps`. This means that you can apply other wrapping decorators to your main function, and autocommand will still correctly detect the signature.
```python
from functools import wraps
from autocommand import autocommand
def print_yielded(func):
'''
Convert a generator into a function that prints all yielded elements
'''
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
for thing in func(*args, **kwargs):
print(thing)
return wrapper
@autocommand(__name__,
description= 'Print all the values from START to STOP, inclusive, in steps of STEP',
epilog= 'STOP and STEP default to 1')
@print_yielded
def seq(stop, start=1, step=1):
for i in range(start, stop + 1, step):
yield i
```
```
$ seq.py -h
usage: seq.py [-h] [-s START] [-S STEP] stop
Print all the values from START to STOP, inclusive, in steps of STEP
positional arguments:
stop
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-s START, --start START
-S STEP, --step STEP
STOP and STEP default to 1
```
Even though autocommand is being applied to the `wrapper` returned by `print_yielded`, it still retreives the signature of the underlying `seq` function to create the argument parsing.
### Custom Parser
While autocommand's automatic parser generator is a powerful convenience, it doesn't cover all of the different features that argparse provides. If you need these features, you can provide your own parser as a kwarg to `autocommand`:
```python
from argparse import ArgumentParser
from autocommand import autocommand
parser = ArgumentParser()
# autocommand can't do optional positonal parameters
parser.add_argument('arg', nargs='?')
# or mutually exclusive options
group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
group.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='store_true')
group.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action='store_true')
@autocommand(__name__, parser=parser)
def main(arg, verbose, quiet):
print(arg, verbose, quiet)
```
```
$ python parser.py -h
usage: write_file.py [-h] [-v | -q] [arg]
positional arguments:
arg
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose
-q, --quiet
$ python parser.py
None False False
$ python parser.py hello
hello False False
$ python parser.py -v
None True False
$ python parser.py -q
None False True
$ python parser.py -vq
usage: parser.py [-h] [-v | -q] [arg]
parser.py: error: argument -q/--quiet: not allowed with argument -v/--verbose
```
Any parser should work fine, so long as each of the parser's arguments has a corresponding parameter in the decorated main function. The order of parameters doesn't matter, as long as they are all present. Note that when using a custom parser, autocommand doesn't modify the parser or the retrieved arguments. This means that no description/epilog will be added, and the function's type annotations and defaults (if present) will be ignored.
## Testing and Library use
The decorated function is only called and exited from if the first argument to `autocommand` is `'__main__'` or `True`. If it is neither of these values, or no argument is given, then a new main function is created by the decorator. This function has the signature `main(argv=None)`, and is intended to be called with arguments as if via `main(sys.argv[1:])`. The function has the attributes `parser` and `main`, which are the generated `ArgumentParser` and the original main function that was decorated. This is to facilitate testing and library use of your main. Calling the function triggers a `parse_args()` with the supplied arguments, and returns the result of the main function. Note that, while it returns instead of calling `sys.exit`, the `parse_args()` function will raise a `SystemExit` in the event of a parsing error or `-h/--help` argument.
```python
@autocommand()
def test_prog(arg1, arg2: int, quiet=False, verbose=False):
if not quiet:
print(arg1, arg2)
if verbose:
print("LOUD NOISES")
return 0
print(test_prog(['-v', 'hello', '80']))
```
```
$ python test_prog.py
hello 80
LOUD NOISES
0
```
If the function is called with no arguments, `sys.argv[1:]` is used. This is to allow the autocommand function to be used as a setuptools entry point.
## Exceptions and limitations
- There are a few possible exceptions that `autocommand` can raise. All of them derive from `autocommand.AutocommandError`.
- If an invalid annotation is given (that is, it isn't a `type`, `str`, `(type, str)`, or `(str, type)`, an `AnnotationError` is raised. The `type` may be any callable, as described in the `Types`_ section.
- If the function has a `**kwargs` parameter, a `KWargError` is raised.
- If, somehow, the function has a positional-only parameter, a `PositionalArgError` is raised. This means that the argument doesn't have a name, which is currently not possible with a plain `def` or `lambda`, though many built-in functions have this kind of parameter.
- There are a few argparse features that are not supported by autocommand.
- It isn't possible to have an optional positional argument (as opposed to a `--option`). POSIX thinks this is bad form anyway.
- It isn't possible to have mutually exclusive arguments or options
- It isn't possible to have subcommands or subparsers, though I'm working on a few solutions involving classes or nested function definitions to allow this.
## Development
Autocommand cannot be important from the project root; this is to enforce separation of concerns and prevent accidental importing of `setup.py` or tests. To develop, install the project in editable mode:
```
$ python setup.py develop
```
This will create a link to the source files in the deployment directory, so that any source changes are reflected when it is imported.

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Wheel-Version: 1.0
Generator: bdist_wheel (0.38.4)
Root-Is-Purelib: true
Tag: py3-none-any

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# Copyright 2014-2016 Nathan West
#
# This file is part of autocommand.
#
# autocommand is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# autocommand is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with autocommand. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# flake8 flags all these imports as unused, hence the NOQAs everywhere.
from .automain import automain # NOQA
from .autoparse import autoparse, smart_open # NOQA
from .autocommand import autocommand # NOQA
try:
from .autoasync import autoasync # NOQA
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
pass

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# Copyright 2014-2015 Nathan West
#
# This file is part of autocommand.
#
# autocommand is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# autocommand is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with autocommand. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
from asyncio import get_event_loop, iscoroutine
from functools import wraps
from inspect import signature
async def _run_forever_coro(coro, args, kwargs, loop):
'''
This helper function launches an async main function that was tagged with
forever=True. There are two possibilities:
- The function is a normal function, which handles initializing the event
loop, which is then run forever
- The function is a coroutine, which needs to be scheduled in the event
loop, which is then run forever
- There is also the possibility that the function is a normal function
wrapping a coroutine function
The function is therefore called unconditionally and scheduled in the event
loop if the return value is a coroutine object.
The reason this is a separate function is to make absolutely sure that all
the objects created are garbage collected after all is said and done; we
do this to ensure that any exceptions raised in the tasks are collected
ASAP.
'''
# Personal note: I consider this an antipattern, as it relies on the use of
# unowned resources. The setup function dumps some stuff into the event
# loop where it just whirls in the ether without a well defined owner or
# lifetime. For this reason, there's a good chance I'll remove the
# forever=True feature from autoasync at some point in the future.
thing = coro(*args, **kwargs)
if iscoroutine(thing):
await thing
def autoasync(coro=None, *, loop=None, forever=False, pass_loop=False):
'''
Convert an asyncio coroutine into a function which, when called, is
evaluted in an event loop, and the return value returned. This is intented
to make it easy to write entry points into asyncio coroutines, which
otherwise need to be explictly evaluted with an event loop's
run_until_complete.
If `loop` is given, it is used as the event loop to run the coro in. If it
is None (the default), the loop is retreived using asyncio.get_event_loop.
This call is defered until the decorated function is called, so that
callers can install custom event loops or event loop policies after
@autoasync is applied.
If `forever` is True, the loop is run forever after the decorated coroutine
is finished. Use this for servers created with asyncio.start_server and the
like.
If `pass_loop` is True, the event loop object is passed into the coroutine
as the `loop` kwarg when the wrapper function is called. In this case, the
wrapper function's __signature__ is updated to remove this parameter, so
that autoparse can still be used on it without generating a parameter for
`loop`.
This coroutine can be called with ( @autoasync(...) ) or without
( @autoasync ) arguments.
Examples:
@autoasync
def get_file(host, port):
reader, writer = yield from asyncio.open_connection(host, port)
data = reader.read()
sys.stdout.write(data.decode())
get_file(host, port)
@autoasync(forever=True, pass_loop=True)
def server(host, port, loop):
yield_from loop.create_server(Proto, host, port)
server('localhost', 8899)
'''
if coro is None:
return lambda c: autoasync(
c, loop=loop,
forever=forever,
pass_loop=pass_loop)
# The old and new signatures are required to correctly bind the loop
# parameter in 100% of cases, even if it's a positional parameter.
# NOTE: A future release will probably require the loop parameter to be
# a kwonly parameter.
if pass_loop:
old_sig = signature(coro)
new_sig = old_sig.replace(parameters=(
param for name, param in old_sig.parameters.items()
if name != "loop"))
@wraps(coro)
def autoasync_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
# Defer the call to get_event_loop so that, if a custom policy is
# installed after the autoasync decorator, it is respected at call time
local_loop = get_event_loop() if loop is None else loop
# Inject the 'loop' argument. We have to use this signature binding to
# ensure it's injected in the correct place (positional, keyword, etc)
if pass_loop:
bound_args = old_sig.bind_partial()
bound_args.arguments.update(
loop=local_loop,
**new_sig.bind(*args, **kwargs).arguments)
args, kwargs = bound_args.args, bound_args.kwargs
if forever:
local_loop.create_task(_run_forever_coro(
coro, args, kwargs, local_loop
))
local_loop.run_forever()
else:
return local_loop.run_until_complete(coro(*args, **kwargs))
# Attach the updated signature. This allows 'pass_loop' to be used with
# autoparse
if pass_loop:
autoasync_wrapper.__signature__ = new_sig
return autoasync_wrapper

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@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
# Copyright 2014-2015 Nathan West
#
# This file is part of autocommand.
#
# autocommand is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# autocommand is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with autocommand. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
from .autoparse import autoparse
from .automain import automain
try:
from .autoasync import autoasync
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
pass
def autocommand(
module, *,
description=None,
epilog=None,
add_nos=False,
parser=None,
loop=None,
forever=False,
pass_loop=False):
if callable(module):
raise TypeError('autocommand requires a module name argument')
def autocommand_decorator(func):
# Step 1: if requested, run it all in an asyncio event loop. autoasync
# patches the __signature__ of the decorated function, so that in the
# event that pass_loop is True, the `loop` parameter of the original
# function will *not* be interpreted as a command-line argument by
# autoparse
if loop is not None or forever or pass_loop:
func = autoasync(
func,
loop=None if loop is True else loop,
pass_loop=pass_loop,
forever=forever)
# Step 2: create parser. We do this second so that the arguments are
# parsed and passed *before* entering the asyncio event loop, if it
# exists. This simplifies the stack trace and ensures errors are
# reported earlier. It also ensures that errors raised during parsing &
# passing are still raised if `forever` is True.
func = autoparse(
func,
description=description,
epilog=epilog,
add_nos=add_nos,
parser=parser)
# Step 3: call the function automatically if __name__ == '__main__' (or
# if True was provided)
func = automain(module)(func)
return func
return autocommand_decorator

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@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
# Copyright 2014-2015 Nathan West
#
# This file is part of autocommand.
#
# autocommand is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# autocommand is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with autocommand. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
import sys
from .errors import AutocommandError
class AutomainRequiresModuleError(AutocommandError, TypeError):
pass
def automain(module, *, args=(), kwargs=None):
'''
This decorator automatically invokes a function if the module is being run
as the "__main__" module. Optionally, provide args or kwargs with which to
call the function. If `module` is "__main__", the function is called, and
the program is `sys.exit`ed with the return value. You can also pass `True`
to cause the function to be called unconditionally. If the function is not
called, it is returned unchanged by the decorator.
Usage:
@automain(__name__) # Pass __name__ to check __name__=="__main__"
def main():
...
If __name__ is "__main__" here, the main function is called, and then
sys.exit called with the return value.
'''
# Check that @automain(...) was called, rather than @automain
if callable(module):
raise AutomainRequiresModuleError(module)
if module == '__main__' or module is True:
if kwargs is None:
kwargs = {}
# Use a function definition instead of a lambda for a neater traceback
def automain_decorator(main):
sys.exit(main(*args, **kwargs))
return automain_decorator
else:
return lambda main: main

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@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
# Copyright 2014-2015 Nathan West
#
# This file is part of autocommand.
#
# autocommand is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# autocommand is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with autocommand. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
import sys
from re import compile as compile_regex
from inspect import signature, getdoc, Parameter
from argparse import ArgumentParser
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import wraps
from io import IOBase
from autocommand.errors import AutocommandError
_empty = Parameter.empty
class AnnotationError(AutocommandError):
'''Annotation error: annotation must be a string, type, or tuple of both'''
class PositionalArgError(AutocommandError):
'''
Postional Arg Error: autocommand can't handle postional-only parameters
'''
class KWArgError(AutocommandError):
'''kwarg Error: autocommand can't handle a **kwargs parameter'''
class DocstringError(AutocommandError):
'''Docstring error'''
class TooManySplitsError(DocstringError):
'''
The docstring had too many ---- section splits. Currently we only support
using up to a single split, to split the docstring into description and
epilog parts.
'''
def _get_type_description(annotation):
'''
Given an annotation, return the (type, description) for the parameter.
If you provide an annotation that is somehow both a string and a callable,
the behavior is undefined.
'''
if annotation is _empty:
return None, None
elif callable(annotation):
return annotation, None
elif isinstance(annotation, str):
return None, annotation
elif isinstance(annotation, tuple):
try:
arg1, arg2 = annotation
except ValueError as e:
raise AnnotationError(annotation) from e
else:
if callable(arg1) and isinstance(arg2, str):
return arg1, arg2
elif isinstance(arg1, str) and callable(arg2):
return arg2, arg1
raise AnnotationError(annotation)
def _add_arguments(param, parser, used_char_args, add_nos):
'''
Add the argument(s) to an ArgumentParser (using add_argument) for a given
parameter. used_char_args is the set of -short options currently already in
use, and is updated (if necessary) by this function. If add_nos is True,
this will also add an inverse switch for all boolean options. For
instance, for the boolean parameter "verbose", this will create --verbose
and --no-verbose.
'''
# Impl note: This function is kept separate from make_parser because it's
# already very long and I wanted to separate out as much as possible into
# its own call scope, to prevent even the possibility of suble mutation
# bugs.
if param.kind is param.POSITIONAL_ONLY:
raise PositionalArgError(param)
elif param.kind is param.VAR_KEYWORD:
raise KWArgError(param)
# These are the kwargs for the add_argument function.
arg_spec = {}
is_option = False
# Get the type and default from the annotation.
arg_type, description = _get_type_description(param.annotation)
# Get the default value
default = param.default
# If there is no explicit type, and the default is present and not None,
# infer the type from the default.
if arg_type is None and default not in {_empty, None}:
arg_type = type(default)
# Add default. The presence of a default means this is an option, not an
# argument.
if default is not _empty:
arg_spec['default'] = default
is_option = True
# Add the type
if arg_type is not None:
# Special case for bool: make it just a --switch
if arg_type is bool:
if not default or default is _empty:
arg_spec['action'] = 'store_true'
else:
arg_spec['action'] = 'store_false'
# Switches are always options
is_option = True
# Special case for file types: make it a string type, for filename
elif isinstance(default, IOBase):
arg_spec['type'] = str
# TODO: special case for list type.
# - How to specificy type of list members?
# - param: [int]
# - param: int =[]
# - action='append' vs nargs='*'
else:
arg_spec['type'] = arg_type
# nargs: if the signature includes *args, collect them as trailing CLI
# arguments in a list. *args can't have a default value, so it can never be
# an option.
if param.kind is param.VAR_POSITIONAL:
# TODO: consider depluralizing metavar/name here.
arg_spec['nargs'] = '*'
# Add description.
if description is not None:
arg_spec['help'] = description
# Get the --flags
flags = []
name = param.name
if is_option:
# Add the first letter as a -short option.
for letter in name[0], name[0].swapcase():
if letter not in used_char_args:
used_char_args.add(letter)
flags.append('-{}'.format(letter))
break
# If the parameter is a --long option, or is a -short option that
# somehow failed to get a flag, add it.
if len(name) > 1 or not flags:
flags.append('--{}'.format(name))
arg_spec['dest'] = name
else:
flags.append(name)
parser.add_argument(*flags, **arg_spec)
# Create the --no- version for boolean switches
if add_nos and arg_type is bool:
parser.add_argument(
'--no-{}'.format(name),
action='store_const',
dest=name,
const=default if default is not _empty else False)
def make_parser(func_sig, description, epilog, add_nos):
'''
Given the signature of a function, create an ArgumentParser
'''
parser = ArgumentParser(description=description, epilog=epilog)
used_char_args = {'h'}
# Arange the params so that single-character arguments are first. This
# esnures they don't have to get --long versions. sorted is stable, so the
# parameters will otherwise still be in relative order.
params = sorted(
func_sig.parameters.values(),
key=lambda param: len(param.name) > 1)
for param in params:
_add_arguments(param, parser, used_char_args, add_nos)
return parser
_DOCSTRING_SPLIT = compile_regex(r'\n\s*-{4,}\s*\n')
def parse_docstring(docstring):
'''
Given a docstring, parse it into a description and epilog part
'''
if docstring is None:
return '', ''
parts = _DOCSTRING_SPLIT.split(docstring)
if len(parts) == 1:
return docstring, ''
elif len(parts) == 2:
return parts[0], parts[1]
else:
raise TooManySplitsError()
def autoparse(
func=None, *,
description=None,
epilog=None,
add_nos=False,
parser=None):
'''
This decorator converts a function that takes normal arguments into a
function which takes a single optional argument, argv, parses it using an
argparse.ArgumentParser, and calls the underlying function with the parsed
arguments. If it is not given, sys.argv[1:] is used. This is so that the
function can be used as a setuptools entry point, as well as a normal main
function. sys.argv[1:] is not evaluated until the function is called, to
allow injecting different arguments for testing.
It uses the argument signature of the function to create an
ArgumentParser. Parameters without defaults become positional parameters,
while parameters *with* defaults become --options. Use annotations to set
the type of the parameter.
The `desctiption` and `epilog` parameters corrospond to the same respective
argparse parameters. If no description is given, it defaults to the
decorated functions's docstring, if present.
If add_nos is True, every boolean option (that is, every parameter with a
default of True/False or a type of bool) will have a --no- version created
as well, which inverts the option. For instance, the --verbose option will
have a --no-verbose counterpart. These are not mutually exclusive-
whichever one appears last in the argument list will have precedence.
If a parser is given, it is used instead of one generated from the function
signature. In this case, no parser is created; instead, the given parser is
used to parse the argv argument. The parser's results' argument names must
match up with the parameter names of the decorated function.
The decorated function is attached to the result as the `func` attribute,
and the parser is attached as the `parser` attribute.
'''
# If @autoparse(...) is used instead of @autoparse
if func is None:
return lambda f: autoparse(
f, description=description,
epilog=epilog,
add_nos=add_nos,
parser=parser)
func_sig = signature(func)
docstr_description, docstr_epilog = parse_docstring(getdoc(func))
if parser is None:
parser = make_parser(
func_sig,
description or docstr_description,
epilog or docstr_epilog,
add_nos)
@wraps(func)
def autoparse_wrapper(argv=None):
if argv is None:
argv = sys.argv[1:]
# Get empty argument binding, to fill with parsed arguments. This
# object does all the heavy lifting of turning named arguments into
# into correctly bound *args and **kwargs.
parsed_args = func_sig.bind_partial()
parsed_args.arguments.update(vars(parser.parse_args(argv)))
return func(*parsed_args.args, **parsed_args.kwargs)
# TODO: attach an updated __signature__ to autoparse_wrapper, just in case.
# Attach the wrapped function and parser, and return the wrapper.
autoparse_wrapper.func = func
autoparse_wrapper.parser = parser
return autoparse_wrapper
@contextmanager
def smart_open(filename_or_file, *args, **kwargs):
'''
This context manager allows you to open a filename, if you want to default
some already-existing file object, like sys.stdout, which shouldn't be
closed at the end of the context. If the filename argument is a str, bytes,
or int, the file object is created via a call to open with the given *args
and **kwargs, sent to the context, and closed at the end of the context,
just like "with open(filename) as f:". If it isn't one of the openable
types, the object simply sent to the context unchanged, and left unclosed
at the end of the context. Example:
def work_with_file(name=sys.stdout):
with smart_open(name) as f:
# Works correctly if name is a str filename or sys.stdout
print("Some stuff", file=f)
# If it was a filename, f is closed at the end here.
'''
if isinstance(filename_or_file, (str, bytes, int)):
with open(filename_or_file, *args, **kwargs) as file:
yield file
else:
yield filename_or_file

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@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
# Copyright 2014-2016 Nathan West
#
# This file is part of autocommand.
#
# autocommand is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# autocommand is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with autocommand. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
class AutocommandError(Exception):
'''Base class for autocommand exceptions'''
pass
# Individual modules will define errors specific to that module.

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
IN THE SOFTWARE.

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: backports.tarfile
Version: 1.2.0
Summary: Backport of CPython tarfile module
Author-email: "Jason R. Coombs" <jaraco@jaraco.com>
Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/jaraco/backports.tarfile
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Requires-Python: >=3.8
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE
Provides-Extra: docs
Requires-Dist: sphinx >=3.5 ; extra == 'docs'
Requires-Dist: jaraco.packaging >=9.3 ; extra == 'docs'
Requires-Dist: rst.linker >=1.9 ; extra == 'docs'
Requires-Dist: furo ; extra == 'docs'
Requires-Dist: sphinx-lint ; extra == 'docs'
Provides-Extra: testing
Requires-Dist: pytest !=8.1.*,>=6 ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-checkdocs >=2.4 ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-cov ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-enabler >=2.2 ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: jaraco.test ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest !=8.0.* ; extra == 'testing'
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/backports.tarfile.svg
:target: https://pypi.org/project/backports.tarfile
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/backports.tarfile.svg
.. image:: https://github.com/jaraco/backports.tarfile/actions/workflows/main.yml/badge.svg
:target: https://github.com/jaraco/backports.tarfile/actions?query=workflow%3A%22tests%22
:alt: tests
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/charliermarsh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json
:target: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff
:alt: Ruff
.. .. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/backportstarfile/badge/?version=latest
.. :target: https://backportstarfile.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/skeleton-2024-informational
:target: https://blog.jaraco.com/skeleton

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@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
backports.tarfile-1.2.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
backports.tarfile-1.2.0.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=htoPAa6uRjSKPD1GUZXcHOzN55956HdppkuNoEsqR0E,1023
backports.tarfile-1.2.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=ghXFTq132dxaEIolxr3HK1mZqm9iyUmaRANZQSr6WlE,2020
backports.tarfile-1.2.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
backports.tarfile-1.2.0.dist-info/REQUESTED,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
backports.tarfile-1.2.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=GJ7t_kWBFywbagK5eo9IoUwLW6oyOeTKmQ-9iHFVNxQ,92
backports.tarfile-1.2.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=cGjaLMOoBR1FK0ApojtzWVmViTtJ7JGIK_HwXiEsvtU,10
backports/__init__.py,sha256=iOEMwnlORWezdO8-2vxBIPSR37D7JGjluZ8f55vzxls,81
backports/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
backports/tarfile/__init__.py,sha256=Pwf2qUIfB0SolJPCKcx3vz3UEu_aids4g4sAfxy94qg,108491
backports/tarfile/__main__.py,sha256=Yw2oGT1afrz2eBskzdPYL8ReB_3liApmhFkN2EbDmc4,59
backports/tarfile/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
backports/tarfile/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc,,
backports/tarfile/compat/__init__.py,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
backports/tarfile/compat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
backports/tarfile/compat/__pycache__/py38.cpython-312.pyc,,
backports/tarfile/compat/py38.py,sha256=iYkyt_gvWjLzGUTJD9TuTfMMjOk-ersXZmRlvQYN2qE,568

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
Wheel-Version: 1.0
Generator: bdist_wheel (0.43.0)
Root-Is-Purelib: true
Tag: py3-none-any

View File

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
__path__ = __import__('pkgutil').extend_path(__path__, __name__) # type: ignore

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
from . import main
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
import sys
if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
def removesuffix(self, suffix):
# suffix='' should not call self[:-0].
if suffix and self.endswith(suffix):
return self[: -len(suffix)]
else:
return self[:]
def removeprefix(self, prefix):
if self.startswith(prefix):
return self[len(prefix) :]
else:
return self[:]
else:
def removesuffix(self, suffix):
return self.removesuffix(suffix)
def removeprefix(self, prefix):
return self.removeprefix(prefix)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
Apache License
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http://www.apache.org/licenses/
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direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
"You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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"Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
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Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: importlib_metadata
Version: 8.0.0
Summary: Read metadata from Python packages
Author-email: "Jason R. Coombs" <jaraco@jaraco.com>
Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Requires-Python: >=3.8
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE
Requires-Dist: zipp >=0.5
Requires-Dist: typing-extensions >=3.6.4 ; python_version < "3.8"
Provides-Extra: doc
Requires-Dist: sphinx >=3.5 ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: jaraco.packaging >=9.3 ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: rst.linker >=1.9 ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: furo ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: sphinx-lint ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: jaraco.tidelift >=1.4 ; extra == 'doc'
Provides-Extra: perf
Requires-Dist: ipython ; extra == 'perf'
Provides-Extra: test
Requires-Dist: pytest !=8.1.*,>=6 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-checkdocs >=2.4 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-cov ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-mypy ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-enabler >=2.2 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-ruff >=0.2.1 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: packaging ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pyfakefs ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: flufl.flake8 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-perf >=0.9.2 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: jaraco.test >=5.4 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: importlib-resources >=1.3 ; (python_version < "3.9") and extra == 'test'
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/importlib_metadata.svg
:target: https://pypi.org/project/importlib_metadata
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/importlib_metadata.svg
.. image:: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata/actions/workflows/main.yml/badge.svg
:target: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata/actions?query=workflow%3A%22tests%22
:alt: tests
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/charliermarsh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json
:target: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff
:alt: Ruff
.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/importlib-metadata/badge/?version=latest
:target: https://importlib-metadata.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/skeleton-2024-informational
:target: https://blog.jaraco.com/skeleton
.. image:: https://tidelift.com/badges/package/pypi/importlib-metadata
:target: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-importlib-metadata?utm_source=pypi-importlib-metadata&utm_medium=readme
Library to access the metadata for a Python package.
This package supplies third-party access to the functionality of
`importlib.metadata <https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.metadata.html>`_
including improvements added to subsequent Python versions.
Compatibility
=============
New features are introduced in this third-party library and later merged
into CPython. The following table indicates which versions of this library
were contributed to different versions in the standard library:
.. list-table::
:header-rows: 1
* - importlib_metadata
- stdlib
* - 7.0
- 3.13
* - 6.5
- 3.12
* - 4.13
- 3.11
* - 4.6
- 3.10
* - 1.4
- 3.8
Usage
=====
See the `online documentation <https://importlib-metadata.readthedocs.io/>`_
for usage details.
`Finder authors
<https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html#finders-and-loaders>`_ can
also add support for custom package installers. See the above documentation
for details.
Caveats
=======
This project primarily supports third-party packages installed by PyPA
tools (or other conforming packages). It does not support:
- Packages in the stdlib.
- Packages installed without metadata.
Project details
===============
* Project home: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata
* Report bugs at: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata/issues
* Code hosting: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata
* Documentation: https://importlib-metadata.readthedocs.io/
For Enterprise
==============
Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.
This project and the maintainers of thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver one enterprise subscription that covers all of the open source you use.
`Learn more <https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-importlib-metadata?utm_source=pypi-importlib-metadata&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=github>`_.

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@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
importlib_metadata-8.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
importlib_metadata-8.0.0.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=z8d0m5b2O9McPEK1xHG_dWgUBT6EfBDz6wA0F7xSPTA,11358
importlib_metadata-8.0.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=anuQ7_7h4J1bSEzfcjIBakPi2cyVQ7y7jklLHsBeH1k,4648
importlib_metadata-8.0.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
importlib_metadata-8.0.0.dist-info/REQUESTED,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
importlib_metadata-8.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=mguMlWGMX-VHnMpKOjjQidIo1ssRlCFu4a4mBpz1s2M,91
importlib_metadata-8.0.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=CO3fD9yylANiXkrMo4qHLV_mqXL2sC5JFKgt1yWAT-A,19
importlib_metadata/__init__.py,sha256=tZNB-23h8Bixi9uCrQqj9Yf0aeC--Josdy3IZRIQeB0,33798
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/_adapters.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/_collections.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/_compat.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/_functools.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/_itertools.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/_meta.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/_text.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/__pycache__/diagnose.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/_adapters.py,sha256=rIhWTwBvYA1bV7i-5FfVX38qEXDTXFeS5cb5xJtP3ks,2317
importlib_metadata/_collections.py,sha256=CJ0OTCHIjWA0ZIVS4voORAsn2R4R2cQBEtPsZEJpASY,743
importlib_metadata/_compat.py,sha256=73QKrN9KNoaZzhbX5yPCCZa-FaALwXe8TPlDR72JgBU,1314
importlib_metadata/_functools.py,sha256=PsY2-4rrKX4RVeRC1oGp1lB1pmC9eKN88_f-bD9uOoA,2895
importlib_metadata/_itertools.py,sha256=cvr_2v8BRbxcIl5x5ldfqdHjhI8Yi8s8yk50G_nm6jQ,2068
importlib_metadata/_meta.py,sha256=nxZ7C8GVlcBFAKWyVOn_dn7ot_twBcbm1NmvjIetBHI,1801
importlib_metadata/_text.py,sha256=HCsFksZpJLeTP3NEk_ngrAeXVRRtTrtyh9eOABoRP4A,2166
importlib_metadata/compat/__init__.py,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
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importlib_metadata/compat/__pycache__/py39.cpython-312.pyc,,
importlib_metadata/compat/py311.py,sha256=uqm-K-uohyj1042TH4a9Er_I5o7667DvulcD-gC_fSA,608
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importlib_metadata/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0

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@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
Wheel-Version: 1.0
Generator: setuptools (70.1.1)
Root-Is-Purelib: true
Tag: py3-none-any

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@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
import re
import textwrap
import email.message
from ._text import FoldedCase
class Message(email.message.Message):
multiple_use_keys = set(
map(
FoldedCase,
[
'Classifier',
'Obsoletes-Dist',
'Platform',
'Project-URL',
'Provides-Dist',
'Provides-Extra',
'Requires-Dist',
'Requires-External',
'Supported-Platform',
'Dynamic',
],
)
)
"""
Keys that may be indicated multiple times per PEP 566.
"""
def __new__(cls, orig: email.message.Message):
res = super().__new__(cls)
vars(res).update(vars(orig))
return res
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self._headers = self._repair_headers()
# suppress spurious error from mypy
def __iter__(self):
return super().__iter__()
def __getitem__(self, item):
"""
Override parent behavior to typical dict behavior.
``email.message.Message`` will emit None values for missing
keys. Typical mappings, including this ``Message``, will raise
a key error for missing keys.
Ref python/importlib_metadata#371.
"""
res = super().__getitem__(item)
if res is None:
raise KeyError(item)
return res
def _repair_headers(self):
def redent(value):
"Correct for RFC822 indentation"
if not value or '\n' not in value:
return value
return textwrap.dedent(' ' * 8 + value)
headers = [(key, redent(value)) for key, value in vars(self)['_headers']]
if self._payload:
headers.append(('Description', self.get_payload()))
return headers
@property
def json(self):
"""
Convert PackageMetadata to a JSON-compatible format
per PEP 0566.
"""
def transform(key):
value = self.get_all(key) if key in self.multiple_use_keys else self[key]
if key == 'Keywords':
value = re.split(r'\s+', value)
tk = key.lower().replace('-', '_')
return tk, value
return dict(map(transform, map(FoldedCase, self)))

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@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
import collections
# from jaraco.collections 3.3
class FreezableDefaultDict(collections.defaultdict):
"""
Often it is desirable to prevent the mutation of
a default dict after its initial construction, such
as to prevent mutation during iteration.
>>> dd = FreezableDefaultDict(list)
>>> dd[0].append('1')
>>> dd.freeze()
>>> dd[1]
[]
>>> len(dd)
1
"""
def __missing__(self, key):
return getattr(self, '_frozen', super().__missing__)(key)
def freeze(self):
self._frozen = lambda key: self.default_factory()
class Pair(collections.namedtuple('Pair', 'name value')):
@classmethod
def parse(cls, text):
return cls(*map(str.strip, text.split("=", 1)))

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@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
import sys
import platform
__all__ = ['install', 'NullFinder']
def install(cls):
"""
Class decorator for installation on sys.meta_path.
Adds the backport DistributionFinder to sys.meta_path and
attempts to disable the finder functionality of the stdlib
DistributionFinder.
"""
sys.meta_path.append(cls())
disable_stdlib_finder()
return cls
def disable_stdlib_finder():
"""
Give the backport primacy for discovering path-based distributions
by monkey-patching the stdlib O_O.
See #91 for more background for rationale on this sketchy
behavior.
"""
def matches(finder):
return getattr(
finder, '__module__', None
) == '_frozen_importlib_external' and hasattr(finder, 'find_distributions')
for finder in filter(matches, sys.meta_path): # pragma: nocover
del finder.find_distributions
class NullFinder:
"""
A "Finder" (aka "MetaPathFinder") that never finds any modules,
but may find distributions.
"""
@staticmethod
def find_spec(*args, **kwargs):
return None
def pypy_partial(val):
"""
Adjust for variable stacklevel on partial under PyPy.
Workaround for #327.
"""
is_pypy = platform.python_implementation() == 'PyPy'
return val + is_pypy

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@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
import types
import functools
# from jaraco.functools 3.3
def method_cache(method, cache_wrapper=None):
"""
Wrap lru_cache to support storing the cache data in the object instances.
Abstracts the common paradigm where the method explicitly saves an
underscore-prefixed protected property on first call and returns that
subsequently.
>>> class MyClass:
... calls = 0
...
... @method_cache
... def method(self, value):
... self.calls += 1
... return value
>>> a = MyClass()
>>> a.method(3)
3
>>> for x in range(75):
... res = a.method(x)
>>> a.calls
75
Note that the apparent behavior will be exactly like that of lru_cache
except that the cache is stored on each instance, so values in one
instance will not flush values from another, and when an instance is
deleted, so are the cached values for that instance.
>>> b = MyClass()
>>> for x in range(35):
... res = b.method(x)
>>> b.calls
35
>>> a.method(0)
0
>>> a.calls
75
Note that if method had been decorated with ``functools.lru_cache()``,
a.calls would have been 76 (due to the cached value of 0 having been
flushed by the 'b' instance).
Clear the cache with ``.cache_clear()``
>>> a.method.cache_clear()
Same for a method that hasn't yet been called.
>>> c = MyClass()
>>> c.method.cache_clear()
Another cache wrapper may be supplied:
>>> cache = functools.lru_cache(maxsize=2)
>>> MyClass.method2 = method_cache(lambda self: 3, cache_wrapper=cache)
>>> a = MyClass()
>>> a.method2()
3
Caution - do not subsequently wrap the method with another decorator, such
as ``@property``, which changes the semantics of the function.
See also
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577452-a-memoize-decorator-for-instance-methods/
for another implementation and additional justification.
"""
cache_wrapper = cache_wrapper or functools.lru_cache()
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
# it's the first call, replace the method with a cached, bound method
bound_method = types.MethodType(method, self)
cached_method = cache_wrapper(bound_method)
setattr(self, method.__name__, cached_method)
return cached_method(*args, **kwargs)
# Support cache clear even before cache has been created.
wrapper.cache_clear = lambda: None
return wrapper
# From jaraco.functools 3.3
def pass_none(func):
"""
Wrap func so it's not called if its first param is None
>>> print_text = pass_none(print)
>>> print_text('text')
text
>>> print_text(None)
"""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(param, *args, **kwargs):
if param is not None:
return func(param, *args, **kwargs)
return wrapper

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
from itertools import filterfalse
def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
"List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen."
# unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
# unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
seen = set()
seen_add = seen.add
if key is None:
for element in filterfalse(seen.__contains__, iterable):
seen_add(element)
yield element
else:
for element in iterable:
k = key(element)
if k not in seen:
seen_add(k)
yield element
# copied from more_itertools 8.8
def always_iterable(obj, base_type=(str, bytes)):
"""If *obj* is iterable, return an iterator over its items::
>>> obj = (1, 2, 3)
>>> list(always_iterable(obj))
[1, 2, 3]
If *obj* is not iterable, return a one-item iterable containing *obj*::
>>> obj = 1
>>> list(always_iterable(obj))
[1]
If *obj* is ``None``, return an empty iterable:
>>> obj = None
>>> list(always_iterable(None))
[]
By default, binary and text strings are not considered iterable::
>>> obj = 'foo'
>>> list(always_iterable(obj))
['foo']
If *base_type* is set, objects for which ``isinstance(obj, base_type)``
returns ``True`` won't be considered iterable.
>>> obj = {'a': 1}
>>> list(always_iterable(obj)) # Iterate over the dict's keys
['a']
>>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=dict)) # Treat dicts as a unit
[{'a': 1}]
Set *base_type* to ``None`` to avoid any special handling and treat objects
Python considers iterable as iterable:
>>> obj = 'foo'
>>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=None))
['f', 'o', 'o']
"""
if obj is None:
return iter(())
if (base_type is not None) and isinstance(obj, base_type):
return iter((obj,))
try:
return iter(obj)
except TypeError:
return iter((obj,))

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
from __future__ import annotations
import os
from typing import Protocol
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, List, Optional, TypeVar, Union, overload
_T = TypeVar("_T")
class PackageMetadata(Protocol):
def __len__(self) -> int: ... # pragma: no cover
def __contains__(self, item: str) -> bool: ... # pragma: no cover
def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str: ... # pragma: no cover
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]: ... # pragma: no cover
@overload
def get(
self, name: str, failobj: None = None
) -> Optional[str]: ... # pragma: no cover
@overload
def get(self, name: str, failobj: _T) -> Union[str, _T]: ... # pragma: no cover
# overload per python/importlib_metadata#435
@overload
def get_all(
self, name: str, failobj: None = None
) -> Optional[List[Any]]: ... # pragma: no cover
@overload
def get_all(self, name: str, failobj: _T) -> Union[List[Any], _T]:
"""
Return all values associated with a possibly multi-valued key.
"""
@property
def json(self) -> Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]:
"""
A JSON-compatible form of the metadata.
"""
class SimplePath(Protocol):
"""
A minimal subset of pathlib.Path required by Distribution.
"""
def joinpath(
self, other: Union[str, os.PathLike[str]]
) -> SimplePath: ... # pragma: no cover
def __truediv__(
self, other: Union[str, os.PathLike[str]]
) -> SimplePath: ... # pragma: no cover
@property
def parent(self) -> SimplePath: ... # pragma: no cover
def read_text(self, encoding=None) -> str: ... # pragma: no cover
def read_bytes(self) -> bytes: ... # pragma: no cover
def exists(self) -> bool: ... # pragma: no cover

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
import re
from ._functools import method_cache
# from jaraco.text 3.5
class FoldedCase(str):
"""
A case insensitive string class; behaves just like str
except compares equal when the only variation is case.
>>> s = FoldedCase('hello world')
>>> s == 'Hello World'
True
>>> 'Hello World' == s
True
>>> s != 'Hello World'
False
>>> s.index('O')
4
>>> s.split('O')
['hell', ' w', 'rld']
>>> sorted(map(FoldedCase, ['GAMMA', 'alpha', 'Beta']))
['alpha', 'Beta', 'GAMMA']
Sequence membership is straightforward.
>>> "Hello World" in [s]
True
>>> s in ["Hello World"]
True
You may test for set inclusion, but candidate and elements
must both be folded.
>>> FoldedCase("Hello World") in {s}
True
>>> s in {FoldedCase("Hello World")}
True
String inclusion works as long as the FoldedCase object
is on the right.
>>> "hello" in FoldedCase("Hello World")
True
But not if the FoldedCase object is on the left:
>>> FoldedCase('hello') in 'Hello World'
False
In that case, use in_:
>>> FoldedCase('hello').in_('Hello World')
True
>>> FoldedCase('hello') > FoldedCase('Hello')
False
"""
def __lt__(self, other):
return self.lower() < other.lower()
def __gt__(self, other):
return self.lower() > other.lower()
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.lower() == other.lower()
def __ne__(self, other):
return self.lower() != other.lower()
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.lower())
def __contains__(self, other):
return super().lower().__contains__(other.lower())
def in_(self, other):
"Does self appear in other?"
return self in FoldedCase(other)
# cache lower since it's likely to be called frequently.
@method_cache
def lower(self):
return super().lower()
def index(self, sub):
return self.lower().index(sub.lower())
def split(self, splitter=' ', maxsplit=0):
pattern = re.compile(re.escape(splitter), re.I)
return pattern.split(self, maxsplit)

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import os
import pathlib
import sys
import types
def wrap(path): # pragma: no cover
"""
Workaround for https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/84538
to add backward compatibility for walk_up=True.
An example affected package is dask-labextension, which uses
jupyter-packaging to install JupyterLab javascript files outside
of site-packages.
"""
def relative_to(root, *, walk_up=False):
return pathlib.Path(os.path.relpath(path, root))
return types.SimpleNamespace(relative_to=relative_to)
relative_fix = wrap if sys.version_info < (3, 12) else lambda x: x

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"""
Compatibility layer with Python 3.8/3.9
"""
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
if TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
# Prevent circular imports on runtime.
from .. import Distribution, EntryPoint
else:
Distribution = EntryPoint = Any
def normalized_name(dist: Distribution) -> Optional[str]:
"""
Honor name normalization for distributions that don't provide ``_normalized_name``.
"""
try:
return dist._normalized_name
except AttributeError:
from .. import Prepared # -> delay to prevent circular imports.
return Prepared.normalize(getattr(dist, "name", None) or dist.metadata['Name'])
def ep_matches(ep: EntryPoint, **params) -> bool:
"""
Workaround for ``EntryPoint`` objects without the ``matches`` method.
"""
try:
return ep.matches(**params)
except AttributeError:
from .. import EntryPoint # -> delay to prevent circular imports.
# Reconstruct the EntryPoint object to make sure it is compatible.
return EntryPoint(ep.name, ep.value, ep.group).matches(**params)

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import sys
from . import Distribution
def inspect(path):
print("Inspecting", path)
dists = list(Distribution.discover(path=[path]))
if not dists:
return
print("Found", len(dists), "packages:", end=' ')
print(', '.join(dist.name for dist in dists))
def run():
for path in sys.path:
inspect(path)
if __name__ == '__main__':
run()

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@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
IN THE SOFTWARE.

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Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: inflect
Version: 7.3.1
Summary: Correctly generate plurals, singular nouns, ordinals, indefinite articles
Author-email: Paul Dyson <pwdyson@yahoo.com>
Maintainer-email: "Jason R. Coombs" <jaraco@jaraco.com>
Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/jaraco/inflect
Keywords: plural,inflect,participle
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Classifier: Natural Language :: English
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Linguistic
Requires-Python: >=3.8
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE
Requires-Dist: more-itertools >=8.5.0
Requires-Dist: typeguard >=4.0.1
Requires-Dist: typing-extensions ; python_version < "3.9"
Provides-Extra: doc
Requires-Dist: sphinx >=3.5 ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: jaraco.packaging >=9.3 ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: rst.linker >=1.9 ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: furo ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: sphinx-lint ; extra == 'doc'
Requires-Dist: jaraco.tidelift >=1.4 ; extra == 'doc'
Provides-Extra: test
Requires-Dist: pytest !=8.1.*,>=6 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-checkdocs >=2.4 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-cov ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-mypy ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-enabler >=2.2 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pytest-ruff >=0.2.1 ; extra == 'test'
Requires-Dist: pygments ; extra == 'test'
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/inflect.svg
:target: https://pypi.org/project/inflect
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/inflect.svg
.. image:: https://github.com/jaraco/inflect/actions/workflows/main.yml/badge.svg
:target: https://github.com/jaraco/inflect/actions?query=workflow%3A%22tests%22
:alt: tests
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/charliermarsh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json
:target: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff
:alt: Ruff
.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/inflect/badge/?version=latest
:target: https://inflect.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/skeleton-2024-informational
:target: https://blog.jaraco.com/skeleton
.. image:: https://tidelift.com/badges/package/pypi/inflect
:target: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-inflect?utm_source=pypi-inflect&utm_medium=readme
NAME
====
inflect.py - Correctly generate plurals, singular nouns, ordinals, indefinite articles; convert numbers to words.
SYNOPSIS
========
.. code-block:: python
import inflect
p = inflect.engine()
# METHODS:
# plural plural_noun plural_verb plural_adj singular_noun no num
# compare compare_nouns compare_nouns compare_adjs
# a an
# present_participle
# ordinal number_to_words
# join
# inflect classical gender
# defnoun defverb defadj defa defan
# UNCONDITIONALLY FORM THE PLURAL
print("The plural of ", word, " is ", p.plural(word))
# CONDITIONALLY FORM THE PLURAL
print("I saw", cat_count, p.plural("cat", cat_count))
# FORM PLURALS FOR SPECIFIC PARTS OF SPEECH
print(
p.plural_noun("I", N1),
p.plural_verb("saw", N1),
p.plural_adj("my", N2),
p.plural_noun("saw", N2),
)
# FORM THE SINGULAR OF PLURAL NOUNS
print("The singular of ", word, " is ", p.singular_noun(word))
# SELECT THE GENDER OF SINGULAR PRONOUNS
print(p.singular_noun("they")) # 'it'
p.gender("feminine")
print(p.singular_noun("they")) # 'she'
# DEAL WITH "0/1/N" -> "no/1/N" TRANSLATION:
print("There ", p.plural_verb("was", errors), p.no(" error", errors))
# USE DEFAULT COUNTS:
print(
p.num(N1, ""),
p.plural("I"),
p.plural_verb(" saw"),
p.num(N2),
p.plural_noun(" saw"),
)
print("There ", p.num(errors, ""), p.plural_verb("was"), p.no(" error"))
# COMPARE TWO WORDS "NUMBER-INSENSITIVELY":
if p.compare(word1, word2):
print("same")
if p.compare_nouns(word1, word2):
print("same noun")
if p.compare_verbs(word1, word2):
print("same verb")
if p.compare_adjs(word1, word2):
print("same adj.")
# ADD CORRECT "a" OR "an" FOR A GIVEN WORD:
print("Did you want ", p.a(thing), " or ", p.an(idea))
# CONVERT NUMERALS INTO ORDINALS (i.e. 1->1st, 2->2nd, 3->3rd, etc.)
print("It was", p.ordinal(position), " from the left\n")
# CONVERT NUMERALS TO WORDS (i.e. 1->"one", 101->"one hundred and one", etc.)
# RETURNS A SINGLE STRING...
words = p.number_to_words(1234)
# "one thousand, two hundred and thirty-four"
words = p.number_to_words(p.ordinal(1234))
# "one thousand, two hundred and thirty-fourth"
# GET BACK A LIST OF STRINGS, ONE FOR EACH "CHUNK"...
words = p.number_to_words(1234, wantlist=True)
# ("one thousand","two hundred and thirty-four")
# OPTIONAL PARAMETERS CHANGE TRANSLATION:
words = p.number_to_words(12345, group=1)
# "one, two, three, four, five"
words = p.number_to_words(12345, group=2)
# "twelve, thirty-four, five"
words = p.number_to_words(12345, group=3)
# "one twenty-three, forty-five"
words = p.number_to_words(1234, andword="")
# "one thousand, two hundred thirty-four"
words = p.number_to_words(1234, andword=", plus")
# "one thousand, two hundred, plus thirty-four"
# TODO: I get no comma before plus: check perl
words = p.number_to_words(555_1202, group=1, zero="oh")
# "five, five, five, one, two, oh, two"
words = p.number_to_words(555_1202, group=1, one="unity")
# "five, five, five, unity, two, oh, two"
words = p.number_to_words(123.456, group=1, decimal="mark")
# "one two three mark four five six"
# TODO: DOCBUG: perl gives commas here as do I
# LITERAL STYLE ONLY NAMES NUMBERS LESS THAN A CERTAIN THRESHOLD...
words = p.number_to_words(9, threshold=10) # "nine"
words = p.number_to_words(10, threshold=10) # "ten"
words = p.number_to_words(11, threshold=10) # "11"
words = p.number_to_words(1000, threshold=10) # "1,000"
# JOIN WORDS INTO A LIST:
mylist = p.join(("apple", "banana", "carrot"))
# "apple, banana, and carrot"
mylist = p.join(("apple", "banana"))
# "apple and banana"
mylist = p.join(("apple", "banana", "carrot"), final_sep="")
# "apple, banana and carrot"
# REQUIRE "CLASSICAL" PLURALS (EG: "focus"->"foci", "cherub"->"cherubim")
p.classical() # USE ALL CLASSICAL PLURALS
p.classical(all=True) # USE ALL CLASSICAL PLURALS
p.classical(all=False) # SWITCH OFF CLASSICAL MODE
p.classical(zero=True) # "no error" INSTEAD OF "no errors"
p.classical(zero=False) # "no errors" INSTEAD OF "no error"
p.classical(herd=True) # "2 buffalo" INSTEAD OF "2 buffalos"
p.classical(herd=False) # "2 buffalos" INSTEAD OF "2 buffalo"
p.classical(persons=True) # "2 chairpersons" INSTEAD OF "2 chairpeople"
p.classical(persons=False) # "2 chairpeople" INSTEAD OF "2 chairpersons"
p.classical(ancient=True) # "2 formulae" INSTEAD OF "2 formulas"
p.classical(ancient=False) # "2 formulas" INSTEAD OF "2 formulae"
# INTERPOLATE "plural()", "plural_noun()", "plural_verb()", "plural_adj()", "singular_noun()",
# a()", "an()", "num()" AND "ordinal()" WITHIN STRINGS:
print(p.inflect("The plural of {0} is plural('{0}')".format(word)))
print(p.inflect("The singular of {0} is singular_noun('{0}')".format(word)))
print(p.inflect("I saw {0} plural('cat',{0})".format(cat_count)))
print(
p.inflect(
"plural('I',{0}) "
"plural_verb('saw',{0}) "
"plural('a',{1}) "
"plural_noun('saw',{1})".format(N1, N2)
)
)
print(
p.inflect(
"num({0}, False)plural('I') "
"plural_verb('saw') "
"num({1}, False)plural('a') "
"plural_noun('saw')".format(N1, N2)
)
)
print(p.inflect("I saw num({0}) plural('cat')\nnum()".format(cat_count)))
print(p.inflect("There plural_verb('was',{0}) no('error',{0})".format(errors)))
print(p.inflect("There num({0}, False)plural_verb('was') no('error')".format(errors)))
print(p.inflect("Did you want a('{0}') or an('{1}')".format(thing, idea)))
print(p.inflect("It was ordinal('{0}') from the left".format(position)))
# ADD USER-DEFINED INFLECTIONS (OVERRIDING INBUILT RULES):
p.defnoun("VAX", "VAXen") # SINGULAR => PLURAL
p.defverb(
"will", # 1ST PERSON SINGULAR
"shall", # 1ST PERSON PLURAL
"will", # 2ND PERSON SINGULAR
"will", # 2ND PERSON PLURAL
"will", # 3RD PERSON SINGULAR
"will", # 3RD PERSON PLURAL
)
p.defadj("hir", "their") # SINGULAR => PLURAL
p.defa("h") # "AY HALWAYS SEZ 'HAITCH'!"
p.defan("horrendous.*") # "AN HORRENDOUS AFFECTATION"
DESCRIPTION
===========
The methods of the class ``engine`` in module ``inflect.py`` provide plural
inflections, singular noun inflections, "a"/"an" selection for English words,
and manipulation of numbers as words.
Plural forms of all nouns, most verbs, and some adjectives are
provided. Where appropriate, "classical" variants (for example: "brother" ->
"brethren", "dogma" -> "dogmata", etc.) are also provided.
Single forms of nouns are also provided. The gender of singular pronouns
can be chosen (for example "they" -> "it" or "she" or "he" or "they").
Pronunciation-based "a"/"an" selection is provided for all English
words, and most initialisms.
It is also possible to inflect numerals (1,2,3) to ordinals (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
and to English words ("one", "two", "three").
In generating these inflections, ``inflect.py`` follows the Oxford
English Dictionary and the guidelines in Fowler's Modern English
Usage, preferring the former where the two disagree.
The module is built around standard British spelling, but is designed
to cope with common American variants as well. Slang, jargon, and
other English dialects are *not* explicitly catered for.
Where two or more inflected forms exist for a single word (typically a
"classical" form and a "modern" form), ``inflect.py`` prefers the
more common form (typically the "modern" one), unless "classical"
processing has been specified
(see `MODERN VS CLASSICAL INFLECTIONS`).
FORMING PLURALS AND SINGULARS
=============================
Inflecting Plurals and Singulars
--------------------------------
All of the ``plural...`` plural inflection methods take the word to be
inflected as their first argument and return the corresponding inflection.
Note that all such methods expect the *singular* form of the word. The
results of passing a plural form are undefined (and unlikely to be correct).
Similarly, the ``si...`` singular inflection method expects the *plural*
form of the word.
The ``plural...`` methods also take an optional second argument,
which indicates the grammatical "number" of the word (or of another word
with which the word being inflected must agree). If the "number" argument is
supplied and is not ``1`` (or ``"one"`` or ``"a"``, or some other adjective that
implies the singular), the plural form of the word is returned. If the
"number" argument *does* indicate singularity, the (uninflected) word
itself is returned. If the number argument is omitted, the plural form
is returned unconditionally.
The ``si...`` method takes a second argument in a similar fashion. If it is
some form of the number ``1``, or is omitted, the singular form is returned.
Otherwise the plural is returned unaltered.
The various methods of ``inflect.engine`` are:
``plural_noun(word, count=None)``
The method ``plural_noun()`` takes a *singular* English noun or
pronoun and returns its plural. Pronouns in the nominative ("I" ->
"we") and accusative ("me" -> "us") cases are handled, as are
possessive pronouns ("mine" -> "ours").
``plural_verb(word, count=None)``
The method ``plural_verb()`` takes the *singular* form of a
conjugated verb (that is, one which is already in the correct "person"
and "mood") and returns the corresponding plural conjugation.
``plural_adj(word, count=None)``
The method ``plural_adj()`` takes the *singular* form of
certain types of adjectives and returns the corresponding plural form.
Adjectives that are correctly handled include: "numerical" adjectives
("a" -> "some"), demonstrative adjectives ("this" -> "these", "that" ->
"those"), and possessives ("my" -> "our", "cat's" -> "cats'", "child's"
-> "childrens'", etc.)
``plural(word, count=None)``
The method ``plural()`` takes a *singular* English noun,
pronoun, verb, or adjective and returns its plural form. Where a word
has more than one inflection depending on its part of speech (for
example, the noun "thought" inflects to "thoughts", the verb "thought"
to "thought"), the (singular) noun sense is preferred to the (singular)
verb sense.
Hence ``plural("knife")`` will return "knives" ("knife" having been treated
as a singular noun), whereas ``plural("knifes")`` will return "knife"
("knifes" having been treated as a 3rd person singular verb).
The inherent ambiguity of such cases suggests that,
where the part of speech is known, ``plural_noun``, ``plural_verb``, and
``plural_adj`` should be used in preference to ``plural``.
``singular_noun(word, count=None)``
The method ``singular_noun()`` takes a *plural* English noun or
pronoun and returns its singular. Pronouns in the nominative ("we" ->
"I") and accusative ("us" -> "me") cases are handled, as are
possessive pronouns ("ours" -> "mine"). When third person
singular pronouns are returned they take the neuter gender by default
("they" -> "it"), not ("they"-> "she") nor ("they" -> "he"). This can be
changed with ``gender()``.
Note that all these methods ignore any whitespace surrounding the
word being inflected, but preserve that whitespace when the result is
returned. For example, ``plural(" cat ")`` returns " cats ".
``gender(genderletter)``
The third person plural pronoun takes the same form for the female, male and
neuter (e.g. "they"). The singular however, depends upon gender (e.g. "she",
"he", "it" and "they" -- "they" being the gender neutral form.) By default
``singular_noun`` returns the neuter form, however, the gender can be selected with
the ``gender`` method. Pass the first letter of the gender to
``gender`` to return the f(eminine), m(asculine), n(euter) or t(hey)
form of the singular. e.g.
gender('f') followed by singular_noun('themselves') returns 'herself'.
Numbered plurals
----------------
The ``plural...`` methods return only the inflected word, not the count that
was used to inflect it. Thus, in order to produce "I saw 3 ducks", it
is necessary to use:
.. code-block:: python
print("I saw", N, p.plural_noun(animal, N))
Since the usual purpose of producing a plural is to make it agree with
a preceding count, inflect.py provides a method
(``no(word, count)``) which, given a word and a(n optional) count, returns the
count followed by the correctly inflected word. Hence the previous
example can be rewritten:
.. code-block:: python
print("I saw ", p.no(animal, N))
In addition, if the count is zero (or some other term which implies
zero, such as ``"zero"``, ``"nil"``, etc.) the count is replaced by the
word "no". Hence, if ``N`` had the value zero, the previous example
would print (the somewhat more elegant)::
I saw no animals
rather than::
I saw 0 animals
Note that the name of the method is a pun: the method
returns either a number (a *No.*) or a ``"no"``, in front of the
inflected word.
Reducing the number of counts required
--------------------------------------
In some contexts, the need to supply an explicit count to the various
``plural...`` methods makes for tiresome repetition. For example:
.. code-block:: python
print(
plural_adj("This", errors),
plural_noun(" error", errors),
plural_verb(" was", errors),
" fatal.",
)
inflect.py therefore provides a method
(``num(count=None, show=None)``) which may be used to set a persistent "default number"
value. If such a value is set, it is subsequently used whenever an
optional second "number" argument is omitted. The default value thus set
can subsequently be removed by calling ``num()`` with no arguments.
Hence we could rewrite the previous example:
.. code-block:: python
p.num(errors)
print(p.plural_adj("This"), p.plural_noun(" error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), "fatal.")
p.num()
Normally, ``num()`` returns its first argument, so that it may also
be "inlined" in contexts like:
.. code-block:: python
print(p.num(errors), p.plural_noun(" error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), " detected.")
if severity > 1:
print(
p.plural_adj("This"), p.plural_noun(" error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), "fatal."
)
However, in certain contexts (see `INTERPOLATING INFLECTIONS IN STRINGS`)
it is preferable that ``num()`` return an empty string. Hence ``num()``
provides an optional second argument. If that argument is supplied (that is, if
it is defined) and evaluates to false, ``num`` returns an empty string
instead of its first argument. For example:
.. code-block:: python
print(p.num(errors, 0), p.no("error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), " detected.")
if severity > 1:
print(
p.plural_adj("This"), p.plural_noun(" error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), "fatal."
)
Number-insensitive equality
---------------------------
inflect.py also provides a solution to the problem
of comparing words of differing plurality through the methods
``compare(word1, word2)``, ``compare_nouns(word1, word2)``,
``compare_verbs(word1, word2)``, and ``compare_adjs(word1, word2)``.
Each of these methods takes two strings, and compares them
using the corresponding plural-inflection method (``plural()``, ``plural_noun()``,
``plural_verb()``, and ``plural_adj()`` respectively).
The comparison returns true if:
- the strings are equal, or
- one string is equal to a plural form of the other, or
- the strings are two different plural forms of the one word.
Hence all of the following return true:
.. code-block:: python
p.compare("index", "index") # RETURNS "eq"
p.compare("index", "indexes") # RETURNS "s:p"
p.compare("index", "indices") # RETURNS "s:p"
p.compare("indexes", "index") # RETURNS "p:s"
p.compare("indices", "index") # RETURNS "p:s"
p.compare("indices", "indexes") # RETURNS "p:p"
p.compare("indexes", "indices") # RETURNS "p:p"
p.compare("indices", "indices") # RETURNS "eq"
As indicated by the comments in the previous example, the actual value
returned by the various ``compare`` methods encodes which of the
three equality rules succeeded: "eq" is returned if the strings were
identical, "s:p" if the strings were singular and plural respectively,
"p:s" for plural and singular, and "p:p" for two distinct plurals.
Inequality is indicated by returning an empty string.
It should be noted that two distinct singular words which happen to take
the same plural form are *not* considered equal, nor are cases where
one (singular) word's plural is the other (plural) word's singular.
Hence all of the following return false:
.. code-block:: python
p.compare("base", "basis") # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "bases"
p.compare("syrinx", "syringe") # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "syringes"
p.compare("she", "he") # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "they"
p.compare("opus", "operas") # ALTHOUGH "opus" -> "opera" -> "operas"
p.compare("taxi", "taxes") # ALTHOUGH "taxi" -> "taxis" -> "taxes"
Note too that, although the comparison is "number-insensitive" it is *not*
case-insensitive (that is, ``plural("time","Times")`` returns false. To obtain
both number and case insensitivity, use the ``lower()`` method on both strings
(that is, ``plural("time".lower(), "Times".lower())`` returns true).
Related Functionality
=====================
Shout out to these libraries that provide related functionality:
* `WordSet <https://jaracotext.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#jaraco.text.WordSet>`_
parses identifiers like variable names into sets of words suitable for re-assembling
in another form.
* `word2number <https://pypi.org/project/word2number/>`_ converts words to
a number.
For Enterprise
==============
Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.
This project and the maintainers of thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver one enterprise subscription that covers all of the open source you use.
`Learn more <https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-PROJECT?utm_source=pypi-PROJECT&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=github>`_.

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import sys
if sys.version_info > (3, 9):
from typing import Annotated
else: # pragma: no cover
from typing_extensions import Annotated # noqa: F401

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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
IN THE SOFTWARE.

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Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: jaraco.collections
Version: 5.1.0
Summary: Collection objects similar to those in stdlib by jaraco
Author-email: "Jason R. Coombs" <jaraco@jaraco.com>
Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/jaraco/jaraco.collections
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Requires-Python: >=3.8
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:alt: tests
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/charliermarsh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json
:target: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff
:alt: Ruff
.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/jaracocollections/badge/?version=latest
:target: https://jaracocollections.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/skeleton-2024-informational
:target: https://blog.jaraco.com/skeleton
.. image:: https://tidelift.com/badges/package/pypi/jaraco.collections
:target: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-jaraco.collections?utm_source=pypi-jaraco.collections&utm_medium=readme
Models and classes to supplement the stdlib 'collections' module.
See the docs, linked above, for descriptions and usage examples.
Highlights include:
- RangeMap: A mapping that accepts a range of values for keys.
- Projection: A subset over an existing mapping.
- KeyTransformingDict: Generalized mapping with keys transformed by a function.
- FoldedCaseKeyedDict: A dict whose string keys are case-insensitive.
- BijectiveMap: A map where keys map to values and values back to their keys.
- ItemsAsAttributes: A mapping mix-in exposing items as attributes.
- IdentityOverrideMap: A map whose keys map by default to themselves unless overridden.
- FrozenDict: A hashable, immutable map.
- Enumeration: An object whose keys are enumerated.
- Everything: A container that contains all things.
- Least, Greatest: Objects that are always less than or greater than any other.
- pop_all: Return all items from the mutable sequence and remove them from that sequence.
- DictStack: A stack of dicts, great for sharing scopes.
- WeightedLookup: A specialized RangeMap for selecting an item by weights.
For Enterprise
==============
Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.
This project and the maintainers of thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver one enterprise subscription that covers all of the open source you use.
`Learn more <https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-jaraco.collections?utm_source=pypi-jaraco.collections&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=github>`_.

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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: jaraco.context
Version: 5.3.0
Summary: Useful decorators and context managers
Home-page: https://github.com/jaraco/jaraco.context
Author: Jason R. Coombs
Author-email: jaraco@jaraco.com
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Requires-Python: >=3.8
License-File: LICENSE
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.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jaraco.context.svg
:target: https://pypi.org/project/jaraco.context
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/jaraco.context.svg
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.. image:: https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/charliermarsh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json
:target: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff
:alt: Ruff
.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/jaracocontext/badge/?version=latest
:target: https://jaracocontext.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/skeleton-2024-informational
:target: https://blog.jaraco.com/skeleton
.. image:: https://tidelift.com/badges/package/pypi/jaraco.context
:target: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-jaraco.context?utm_source=pypi-jaraco.context&utm_medium=readme
Highlights
==========
See the docs linked from the badge above for the full details, but here are some features that may be of interest.
- ``ExceptionTrap`` provides a general-purpose wrapper for trapping exceptions and then acting on the outcome. Includes ``passes`` and ``raises`` decorators to replace the result of a wrapped function by a boolean indicating the outcome of the exception trap. See `this keyring commit <https://github.com/jaraco/keyring/commit/a85a7cbc6c909f8121660ed1f7b487f99a1c2bf7>`_ for an example of it in production.
- ``suppress`` simply enables ``contextlib.suppress`` as a decorator.
- ``on_interrupt`` is a decorator used by CLI entry points to affect the handling of a ``KeyboardInterrupt``. Inspired by `Lucretiel/autocommand#18 <https://github.com/Lucretiel/autocommand/issues/18>`_.
- ``pushd`` is similar to pytest's ``monkeypatch.chdir`` or path's `default context <https://path.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html>`_, changes the current working directory for the duration of the context.
- ``tarball`` will download a tarball, extract it, change directory, yield, then clean up after. Convenient when working with web assets.
- ``null`` is there for those times when one code branch needs a context and the other doesn't; this null context provides symmetry across those branches.
For Enterprise
==============
Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.
This project and the maintainers of thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver one enterprise subscription that covers all of the open source you use.
`Learn more <https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-jaraco.context?utm_source=pypi-jaraco.context&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=github>`_.

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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: jaraco.functools
Version: 4.0.1
Summary: Functools like those found in stdlib
Author-email: "Jason R. Coombs" <jaraco@jaraco.com>
Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/jaraco/jaraco.functools
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
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Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
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.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/jaraco.functools.svg
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:target: https://jaracofunctools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/skeleton-2024-informational
:target: https://blog.jaraco.com/skeleton
.. image:: https://tidelift.com/badges/package/pypi/jaraco.functools
:target: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-jaraco.functools?utm_source=pypi-jaraco.functools&utm_medium=readme
Additional functools in the spirit of stdlib's functools.
For Enterprise
==============
Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.
This project and the maintainers of thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver one enterprise subscription that covers all of the open source you use.
`Learn more <https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-jaraco.functools?utm_source=pypi-jaraco.functools&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=github>`_.

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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
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Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: jaraco.text
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Summary: Module for text manipulation
Author-email: "Jason R. Coombs" <jaraco@jaraco.com>
Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/jaraco/jaraco.text
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
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:target: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff
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:target: https://jaracotext.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/skeleton-2024-informational
:target: https://blog.jaraco.com/skeleton
.. image:: https://tidelift.com/badges/package/pypi/jaraco.text
:target: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-jaraco.text?utm_source=pypi-jaraco.text&utm_medium=readme
This package provides handy routines for dealing with text, such as
wrapping, substitution, trimming, stripping, prefix and suffix removal,
line continuation, indentation, comment processing, identifier processing,
values parsing, case insensitive comparison, and more. See the docs
(linked in the badge above) for the detailed documentation and examples.
Layouts
=======
One of the features of this package is the layouts module, which
provides a simple example of translating keystrokes from one keyboard
layout to another::
echo qwerty | python -m jaraco.text.to-dvorak
',.pyf
echo "',.pyf" | python -m jaraco.text.to-qwerty
qwerty
Newline Reporting
=================
Need to know what newlines appear in a file?
::
$ python -m jaraco.text.show-newlines README.rst
newline is '\n'
For Enterprise
==============
Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.
This project and the maintainers of thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver one enterprise subscription that covers all of the open source you use.
`Learn more <https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-jaraco.text?utm_source=pypi-jaraco.text&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=github>`_.

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Wheel-Version: 1.0
Generator: bdist_wheel (0.43.0)
Root-Is-Purelib: true
Tag: py3-none-any

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from __future__ import annotations
import contextlib
import functools
import operator
import os
import shutil
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import urllib.request
import warnings
from typing import Iterator
if sys.version_info < (3, 12):
from backports import tarfile
else:
import tarfile
@contextlib.contextmanager
def pushd(dir: str | os.PathLike) -> Iterator[str | os.PathLike]:
"""
>>> tmp_path = getfixture('tmp_path')
>>> with pushd(tmp_path):
... assert os.getcwd() == os.fspath(tmp_path)
>>> assert os.getcwd() != os.fspath(tmp_path)
"""
orig = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(dir)
try:
yield dir
finally:
os.chdir(orig)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def tarball(
url, target_dir: str | os.PathLike | None = None
) -> Iterator[str | os.PathLike]:
"""
Get a tarball, extract it, yield, then clean up.
>>> import urllib.request
>>> url = getfixture('tarfile_served')
>>> target = getfixture('tmp_path') / 'out'
>>> tb = tarball(url, target_dir=target)
>>> import pathlib
>>> with tb as extracted:
... contents = pathlib.Path(extracted, 'contents.txt').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
>>> assert not os.path.exists(extracted)
"""
if target_dir is None:
target_dir = os.path.basename(url).replace('.tar.gz', '').replace('.tgz', '')
# In the tar command, use --strip-components=1 to strip the first path and
# then
# use -C to cause the files to be extracted to {target_dir}. This ensures
# that we always know where the files were extracted.
os.mkdir(target_dir)
try:
req = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
with tarfile.open(fileobj=req, mode='r|*') as tf:
tf.extractall(path=target_dir, filter=strip_first_component)
yield target_dir
finally:
shutil.rmtree(target_dir)
def strip_first_component(
member: tarfile.TarInfo,
path,
) -> tarfile.TarInfo:
_, member.name = member.name.split('/', 1)
return member
def _compose(*cmgrs):
"""
Compose any number of dependent context managers into a single one.
The last, innermost context manager may take arbitrary arguments, but
each successive context manager should accept the result from the
previous as a single parameter.
Like :func:`jaraco.functools.compose`, behavior works from right to
left, so the context manager should be indicated from outermost to
innermost.
Example, to create a context manager to change to a temporary
directory:
>>> temp_dir_as_cwd = _compose(pushd, temp_dir)
>>> with temp_dir_as_cwd() as dir:
... assert os.path.samefile(os.getcwd(), dir)
"""
def compose_two(inner, outer):
def composed(*args, **kwargs):
with inner(*args, **kwargs) as saved, outer(saved) as res:
yield res
return contextlib.contextmanager(composed)
return functools.reduce(compose_two, reversed(cmgrs))
tarball_cwd = _compose(pushd, tarball)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def tarball_context(*args, **kwargs):
warnings.warn(
"tarball_context is deprecated. Use tarball or tarball_cwd instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
pushd_ctx = kwargs.pop('pushd', pushd)
with tarball(*args, **kwargs) as tball, pushd_ctx(tball) as dir:
yield dir
def infer_compression(url):
"""
Given a URL or filename, infer the compression code for tar.
>>> infer_compression('http://foo/bar.tar.gz')
'z'
>>> infer_compression('http://foo/bar.tgz')
'z'
>>> infer_compression('file.bz')
'j'
>>> infer_compression('file.xz')
'J'
"""
warnings.warn(
"infer_compression is deprecated with no replacement",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
# cheat and just assume it's the last two characters
compression_indicator = url[-2:]
mapping = dict(gz='z', bz='j', xz='J')
# Assume 'z' (gzip) if no match
return mapping.get(compression_indicator, 'z')
@contextlib.contextmanager
def temp_dir(remover=shutil.rmtree):
"""
Create a temporary directory context. Pass a custom remover
to override the removal behavior.
>>> import pathlib
>>> with temp_dir() as the_dir:
... assert os.path.isdir(the_dir)
... _ = pathlib.Path(the_dir).joinpath('somefile').write_text('contents', encoding='utf-8')
>>> assert not os.path.exists(the_dir)
"""
temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
try:
yield temp_dir
finally:
remover(temp_dir)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def repo_context(url, branch=None, quiet=True, dest_ctx=temp_dir):
"""
Check out the repo indicated by url.
If dest_ctx is supplied, it should be a context manager
to yield the target directory for the check out.
"""
exe = 'git' if 'git' in url else 'hg'
with dest_ctx() as repo_dir:
cmd = [exe, 'clone', url, repo_dir]
if branch:
cmd.extend(['--branch', branch])
devnull = open(os.path.devnull, 'w')
stdout = devnull if quiet else None
subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=stdout)
yield repo_dir
def null():
"""
A null context suitable to stand in for a meaningful context.
>>> with null() as value:
... assert value is None
This context is most useful when dealing with two or more code
branches but only some need a context. Wrap the others in a null
context to provide symmetry across all options.
"""
warnings.warn(
"null is deprecated. Use contextlib.nullcontext",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return contextlib.nullcontext()
class ExceptionTrap:
"""
A context manager that will catch certain exceptions and provide an
indication they occurred.
>>> with ExceptionTrap() as trap:
... raise Exception()
>>> bool(trap)
True
>>> with ExceptionTrap() as trap:
... pass
>>> bool(trap)
False
>>> with ExceptionTrap(ValueError) as trap:
... raise ValueError("1 + 1 is not 3")
>>> bool(trap)
True
>>> trap.value
ValueError('1 + 1 is not 3')
>>> trap.tb
<traceback object at ...>
>>> with ExceptionTrap(ValueError) as trap:
... raise Exception()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception
>>> bool(trap)
False
"""
exc_info = None, None, None
def __init__(self, exceptions=(Exception,)):
self.exceptions = exceptions
def __enter__(self):
return self
@property
def type(self):
return self.exc_info[0]
@property
def value(self):
return self.exc_info[1]
@property
def tb(self):
return self.exc_info[2]
def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
type = exc_info[0]
matches = type and issubclass(type, self.exceptions)
if matches:
self.exc_info = exc_info
return matches
def __bool__(self):
return bool(self.type)
def raises(self, func, *, _test=bool):
"""
Wrap func and replace the result with the truth
value of the trap (True if an exception occurred).
First, give the decorator an alias to support Python 3.8
Syntax.
>>> raises = ExceptionTrap(ValueError).raises
Now decorate a function that always fails.
>>> @raises
... def fail():
... raise ValueError('failed')
>>> fail()
True
"""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
with ExceptionTrap(self.exceptions) as trap:
func(*args, **kwargs)
return _test(trap)
return wrapper
def passes(self, func):
"""
Wrap func and replace the result with the truth
value of the trap (True if no exception).
First, give the decorator an alias to support Python 3.8
Syntax.
>>> passes = ExceptionTrap(ValueError).passes
Now decorate a function that always fails.
>>> @passes
... def fail():
... raise ValueError('failed')
>>> fail()
False
"""
return self.raises(func, _test=operator.not_)
class suppress(contextlib.suppress, contextlib.ContextDecorator):
"""
A version of contextlib.suppress with decorator support.
>>> @suppress(KeyError)
... def key_error():
... {}['']
>>> key_error()
"""
class on_interrupt(contextlib.ContextDecorator):
"""
Replace a KeyboardInterrupt with SystemExit(1)
>>> def do_interrupt():
... raise KeyboardInterrupt()
>>> on_interrupt('error')(do_interrupt)()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
SystemExit: 1
>>> on_interrupt('error', code=255)(do_interrupt)()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
SystemExit: 255
>>> on_interrupt('suppress')(do_interrupt)()
>>> with __import__('pytest').raises(KeyboardInterrupt):
... on_interrupt('ignore')(do_interrupt)()
"""
def __init__(self, action='error', /, code=1):
self.action = action
self.code = code
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exctype, excinst, exctb):
if exctype is not KeyboardInterrupt or self.action == 'ignore':
return
elif self.action == 'error':
raise SystemExit(self.code) from excinst
return self.action == 'suppress'

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import collections.abc
import functools
import inspect
import itertools
import operator
import time
import types
import warnings
import more_itertools
def compose(*funcs):
"""
Compose any number of unary functions into a single unary function.
>>> import textwrap
>>> expected = str.strip(textwrap.dedent(compose.__doc__))
>>> strip_and_dedent = compose(str.strip, textwrap.dedent)
>>> strip_and_dedent(compose.__doc__) == expected
True
Compose also allows the innermost function to take arbitrary arguments.
>>> round_three = lambda x: round(x, ndigits=3)
>>> f = compose(round_three, int.__truediv__)
>>> [f(3*x, x+1) for x in range(1,10)]
[1.5, 2.0, 2.25, 2.4, 2.5, 2.571, 2.625, 2.667, 2.7]
"""
def compose_two(f1, f2):
return lambda *args, **kwargs: f1(f2(*args, **kwargs))
return functools.reduce(compose_two, funcs)
def once(func):
"""
Decorate func so it's only ever called the first time.
This decorator can ensure that an expensive or non-idempotent function
will not be expensive on subsequent calls and is idempotent.
>>> add_three = once(lambda a: a+3)
>>> add_three(3)
6
>>> add_three(9)
6
>>> add_three('12')
6
To reset the stored value, simply clear the property ``saved_result``.
>>> del add_three.saved_result
>>> add_three(9)
12
>>> add_three(8)
12
Or invoke 'reset()' on it.
>>> add_three.reset()
>>> add_three(-3)
0
>>> add_three(0)
0
"""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(wrapper, 'saved_result'):
wrapper.saved_result = func(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper.saved_result
wrapper.reset = lambda: vars(wrapper).__delitem__('saved_result')
return wrapper
def method_cache(method, cache_wrapper=functools.lru_cache()):
"""
Wrap lru_cache to support storing the cache data in the object instances.
Abstracts the common paradigm where the method explicitly saves an
underscore-prefixed protected property on first call and returns that
subsequently.
>>> class MyClass:
... calls = 0
...
... @method_cache
... def method(self, value):
... self.calls += 1
... return value
>>> a = MyClass()
>>> a.method(3)
3
>>> for x in range(75):
... res = a.method(x)
>>> a.calls
75
Note that the apparent behavior will be exactly like that of lru_cache
except that the cache is stored on each instance, so values in one
instance will not flush values from another, and when an instance is
deleted, so are the cached values for that instance.
>>> b = MyClass()
>>> for x in range(35):
... res = b.method(x)
>>> b.calls
35
>>> a.method(0)
0
>>> a.calls
75
Note that if method had been decorated with ``functools.lru_cache()``,
a.calls would have been 76 (due to the cached value of 0 having been
flushed by the 'b' instance).
Clear the cache with ``.cache_clear()``
>>> a.method.cache_clear()
Same for a method that hasn't yet been called.
>>> c = MyClass()
>>> c.method.cache_clear()
Another cache wrapper may be supplied:
>>> cache = functools.lru_cache(maxsize=2)
>>> MyClass.method2 = method_cache(lambda self: 3, cache_wrapper=cache)
>>> a = MyClass()
>>> a.method2()
3
Caution - do not subsequently wrap the method with another decorator, such
as ``@property``, which changes the semantics of the function.
See also
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577452-a-memoize-decorator-for-instance-methods/
for another implementation and additional justification.
"""
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
# it's the first call, replace the method with a cached, bound method
bound_method = types.MethodType(method, self)
cached_method = cache_wrapper(bound_method)
setattr(self, method.__name__, cached_method)
return cached_method(*args, **kwargs)
# Support cache clear even before cache has been created.
wrapper.cache_clear = lambda: None
return _special_method_cache(method, cache_wrapper) or wrapper
def _special_method_cache(method, cache_wrapper):
"""
Because Python treats special methods differently, it's not
possible to use instance attributes to implement the cached
methods.
Instead, install the wrapper method under a different name
and return a simple proxy to that wrapper.
https://github.com/jaraco/jaraco.functools/issues/5
"""
name = method.__name__
special_names = '__getattr__', '__getitem__'
if name not in special_names:
return None
wrapper_name = '__cached' + name
def proxy(self, /, *args, **kwargs):
if wrapper_name not in vars(self):
bound = types.MethodType(method, self)
cache = cache_wrapper(bound)
setattr(self, wrapper_name, cache)
else:
cache = getattr(self, wrapper_name)
return cache(*args, **kwargs)
return proxy
def apply(transform):
"""
Decorate a function with a transform function that is
invoked on results returned from the decorated function.
>>> @apply(reversed)
... def get_numbers(start):
... "doc for get_numbers"
... return range(start, start+3)
>>> list(get_numbers(4))
[6, 5, 4]
>>> get_numbers.__doc__
'doc for get_numbers'
"""
def wrap(func):
return functools.wraps(func)(compose(transform, func))
return wrap
def result_invoke(action):
r"""
Decorate a function with an action function that is
invoked on the results returned from the decorated
function (for its side effect), then return the original
result.
>>> @result_invoke(print)
... def add_two(a, b):
... return a + b
>>> x = add_two(2, 3)
5
>>> x
5
"""
def wrap(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
action(result)
return result
return wrapper
return wrap
def invoke(f, /, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Call a function for its side effect after initialization.
The benefit of using the decorator instead of simply invoking a function
after defining it is that it makes explicit the author's intent for the
function to be called immediately. Whereas if one simply calls the
function immediately, it's less obvious if that was intentional or
incidental. It also avoids repeating the name - the two actions, defining
the function and calling it immediately are modeled separately, but linked
by the decorator construct.
The benefit of having a function construct (opposed to just invoking some
behavior inline) is to serve as a scope in which the behavior occurs. It
avoids polluting the global namespace with local variables, provides an
anchor on which to attach documentation (docstring), keeps the behavior
logically separated (instead of conceptually separated or not separated at
all), and provides potential to re-use the behavior for testing or other
purposes.
This function is named as a pithy way to communicate, "call this function
primarily for its side effect", or "while defining this function, also
take it aside and call it". It exists because there's no Python construct
for "define and call" (nor should there be, as decorators serve this need
just fine). The behavior happens immediately and synchronously.
>>> @invoke
... def func(): print("called")
called
>>> func()
called
Use functools.partial to pass parameters to the initial call
>>> @functools.partial(invoke, name='bingo')
... def func(name): print('called with', name)
called with bingo
"""
f(*args, **kwargs)
return f
class Throttler:
"""Rate-limit a function (or other callable)."""
def __init__(self, func, max_rate=float('Inf')):
if isinstance(func, Throttler):
func = func.func
self.func = func
self.max_rate = max_rate
self.reset()
def reset(self):
self.last_called = 0
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self._wait()
return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
def _wait(self):
"""Ensure at least 1/max_rate seconds from last call."""
elapsed = time.time() - self.last_called
must_wait = 1 / self.max_rate - elapsed
time.sleep(max(0, must_wait))
self.last_called = time.time()
def __get__(self, obj, owner=None):
return first_invoke(self._wait, functools.partial(self.func, obj))
def first_invoke(func1, func2):
"""
Return a function that when invoked will invoke func1 without
any parameters (for its side effect) and then invoke func2
with whatever parameters were passed, returning its result.
"""
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
func1()
return func2(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper
method_caller = first_invoke(
lambda: warnings.warn(
'`jaraco.functools.method_caller` is deprecated, '
'use `operator.methodcaller` instead',
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=3,
),
operator.methodcaller,
)
def retry_call(func, cleanup=lambda: None, retries=0, trap=()):
"""
Given a callable func, trap the indicated exceptions
for up to 'retries' times, invoking cleanup on the
exception. On the final attempt, allow any exceptions
to propagate.
"""
attempts = itertools.count() if retries == float('inf') else range(retries)
for _ in attempts:
try:
return func()
except trap:
cleanup()
return func()
def retry(*r_args, **r_kwargs):
"""
Decorator wrapper for retry_call. Accepts arguments to retry_call
except func and then returns a decorator for the decorated function.
Ex:
>>> @retry(retries=3)
... def my_func(a, b):
... "this is my funk"
... print(a, b)
>>> my_func.__doc__
'this is my funk'
"""
def decorate(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*f_args, **f_kwargs):
bound = functools.partial(func, *f_args, **f_kwargs)
return retry_call(bound, *r_args, **r_kwargs)
return wrapper
return decorate
def print_yielded(func):
"""
Convert a generator into a function that prints all yielded elements.
>>> @print_yielded
... def x():
... yield 3; yield None
>>> x()
3
None
"""
print_all = functools.partial(map, print)
print_results = compose(more_itertools.consume, print_all, func)
return functools.wraps(func)(print_results)
def pass_none(func):
"""
Wrap func so it's not called if its first param is None.
>>> print_text = pass_none(print)
>>> print_text('text')
text
>>> print_text(None)
"""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(param, /, *args, **kwargs):
if param is not None:
return func(param, *args, **kwargs)
return None
return wrapper
def assign_params(func, namespace):
"""
Assign parameters from namespace where func solicits.
>>> def func(x, y=3):
... print(x, y)
>>> assigned = assign_params(func, dict(x=2, z=4))
>>> assigned()
2 3
The usual errors are raised if a function doesn't receive
its required parameters:
>>> assigned = assign_params(func, dict(y=3, z=4))
>>> assigned()
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: func() ...argument...
It even works on methods:
>>> class Handler:
... def meth(self, arg):
... print(arg)
>>> assign_params(Handler().meth, dict(arg='crystal', foo='clear'))()
crystal
"""
sig = inspect.signature(func)
params = sig.parameters.keys()
call_ns = {k: namespace[k] for k in params if k in namespace}
return functools.partial(func, **call_ns)
def save_method_args(method):
"""
Wrap a method such that when it is called, the args and kwargs are
saved on the method.
>>> class MyClass:
... @save_method_args
... def method(self, a, b):
... print(a, b)
>>> my_ob = MyClass()
>>> my_ob.method(1, 2)
1 2
>>> my_ob._saved_method.args
(1, 2)
>>> my_ob._saved_method.kwargs
{}
>>> my_ob.method(a=3, b='foo')
3 foo
>>> my_ob._saved_method.args
()
>>> my_ob._saved_method.kwargs == dict(a=3, b='foo')
True
The arguments are stored on the instance, allowing for
different instance to save different args.
>>> your_ob = MyClass()
>>> your_ob.method({str('x'): 3}, b=[4])
{'x': 3} [4]
>>> your_ob._saved_method.args
({'x': 3},)
>>> my_ob._saved_method.args
()
"""
args_and_kwargs = collections.namedtuple('args_and_kwargs', 'args kwargs')
@functools.wraps(method)
def wrapper(self, /, *args, **kwargs):
attr_name = '_saved_' + method.__name__
attr = args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs)
setattr(self, attr_name, attr)
return method(self, *args, **kwargs)
return wrapper
def except_(*exceptions, replace=None, use=None):
"""
Replace the indicated exceptions, if raised, with the indicated
literal replacement or evaluated expression (if present).
>>> safe_int = except_(ValueError)(int)
>>> safe_int('five')
>>> safe_int('5')
5
Specify a literal replacement with ``replace``.
>>> safe_int_r = except_(ValueError, replace=0)(int)
>>> safe_int_r('five')
0
Provide an expression to ``use`` to pass through particular parameters.
>>> safe_int_pt = except_(ValueError, use='args[0]')(int)
>>> safe_int_pt('five')
'five'
"""
def decorate(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
try:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
except exceptions:
try:
return eval(use)
except TypeError:
return replace
return wrapper
return decorate
def identity(x):
"""
Return the argument.
>>> o = object()
>>> identity(o) is o
True
"""
return x
def bypass_when(check, *, _op=identity):
"""
Decorate a function to return its parameter when ``check``.
>>> bypassed = [] # False
>>> @bypass_when(bypassed)
... def double(x):
... return x * 2
>>> double(2)
4
>>> bypassed[:] = [object()] # True
>>> double(2)
2
"""
def decorate(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(param, /):
return param if _op(check) else func(param)
return wrapper
return decorate
def bypass_unless(check):
"""
Decorate a function to return its parameter unless ``check``.
>>> enabled = [object()] # True
>>> @bypass_unless(enabled)
... def double(x):
... return x * 2
>>> double(2)
4
>>> del enabled[:] # False
>>> double(2)
2
"""
return bypass_when(check, _op=operator.not_)
@functools.singledispatch
def _splat_inner(args, func):
"""Splat args to func."""
return func(*args)
@_splat_inner.register
def _(args: collections.abc.Mapping, func):
"""Splat kargs to func as kwargs."""
return func(**args)
def splat(func):
"""
Wrap func to expect its parameters to be passed positionally in a tuple.
Has a similar effect to that of ``itertools.starmap`` over
simple ``map``.
>>> pairs = [(-1, 1), (0, 2)]
>>> more_itertools.consume(itertools.starmap(print, pairs))
-1 1
0 2
>>> more_itertools.consume(map(splat(print), pairs))
-1 1
0 2
The approach generalizes to other iterators that don't have a "star"
equivalent, such as a "starfilter".
>>> list(filter(splat(operator.add), pairs))
[(0, 2)]
Splat also accepts a mapping argument.
>>> def is_nice(msg, code):
... return "smile" in msg or code == 0
>>> msgs = [
... dict(msg='smile!', code=20),
... dict(msg='error :(', code=1),
... dict(msg='unknown', code=0),
... ]
>>> for msg in filter(splat(is_nice), msgs):
... print(msg)
{'msg': 'smile!', 'code': 20}
{'msg': 'unknown', 'code': 0}
"""
return functools.wraps(func)(functools.partial(_splat_inner, func=func))

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from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Iterator
from functools import partial
from operator import methodcaller
import sys
from typing import (
Any,
Generic,
Protocol,
TypeVar,
overload,
)
if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
from typing import Concatenate, ParamSpec
else:
from typing_extensions import Concatenate, ParamSpec
_P = ParamSpec('_P')
_R = TypeVar('_R')
_T = TypeVar('_T')
_R1 = TypeVar('_R1')
_R2 = TypeVar('_R2')
_V = TypeVar('_V')
_S = TypeVar('_S')
_R_co = TypeVar('_R_co', covariant=True)
class _OnceCallable(Protocol[_P, _R]):
saved_result: _R
reset: Callable[[], None]
def __call__(self, *args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> _R: ...
class _ProxyMethodCacheWrapper(Protocol[_R_co]):
cache_clear: Callable[[], None]
def __call__(self, *args: Hashable, **kwargs: Hashable) -> _R_co: ...
class _MethodCacheWrapper(Protocol[_R_co]):
def cache_clear(self) -> None: ...
def __call__(self, *args: Hashable, **kwargs: Hashable) -> _R_co: ...
# `compose()` overloads below will cover most use cases.
@overload
def compose(
__func1: Callable[[_R], _T],
__func2: Callable[_P, _R],
/,
) -> Callable[_P, _T]: ...
@overload
def compose(
__func1: Callable[[_R], _T],
__func2: Callable[[_R1], _R],
__func3: Callable[_P, _R1],
/,
) -> Callable[_P, _T]: ...
@overload
def compose(
__func1: Callable[[_R], _T],
__func2: Callable[[_R2], _R],
__func3: Callable[[_R1], _R2],
__func4: Callable[_P, _R1],
/,
) -> Callable[_P, _T]: ...
def once(func: Callable[_P, _R]) -> _OnceCallable[_P, _R]: ...
def method_cache(
method: Callable[..., _R],
cache_wrapper: Callable[[Callable[..., _R]], _MethodCacheWrapper[_R]] = ...,
) -> _MethodCacheWrapper[_R] | _ProxyMethodCacheWrapper[_R]: ...
def apply(
transform: Callable[[_R], _T]
) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, _R]], Callable[_P, _T]]: ...
def result_invoke(
action: Callable[[_R], Any]
) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, _R]], Callable[_P, _R]]: ...
def invoke(
f: Callable[_P, _R], /, *args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs
) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
class Throttler(Generic[_R]):
last_called: float
func: Callable[..., _R]
max_rate: float
def __init__(
self, func: Callable[..., _R] | Throttler[_R], max_rate: float = ...
) -> None: ...
def reset(self) -> None: ...
def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _R: ...
def __get__(self, obj: Any, owner: type[Any] | None = ...) -> Callable[..., _R]: ...
def first_invoke(
func1: Callable[..., Any], func2: Callable[_P, _R]
) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
method_caller: Callable[..., methodcaller]
def retry_call(
func: Callable[..., _R],
cleanup: Callable[..., None] = ...,
retries: int | float = ...,
trap: type[BaseException] | tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = ...,
) -> _R: ...
def retry(
cleanup: Callable[..., None] = ...,
retries: int | float = ...,
trap: type[BaseException] | tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = ...,
) -> Callable[[Callable[..., _R]], Callable[..., _R]]: ...
def print_yielded(func: Callable[_P, Iterator[Any]]) -> Callable[_P, None]: ...
def pass_none(
func: Callable[Concatenate[_T, _P], _R]
) -> Callable[Concatenate[_T, _P], _R]: ...
def assign_params(
func: Callable[..., _R], namespace: dict[str, Any]
) -> partial[_R]: ...
def save_method_args(
method: Callable[Concatenate[_S, _P], _R]
) -> Callable[Concatenate[_S, _P], _R]: ...
def except_(
*exceptions: type[BaseException], replace: Any = ..., use: Any = ...
) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, Any]], Callable[_P, Any]]: ...
def identity(x: _T) -> _T: ...
def bypass_when(
check: _V, *, _op: Callable[[_V], Any] = ...
) -> Callable[[Callable[[_T], _R]], Callable[[_T], _T | _R]]: ...
def bypass_unless(
check: Any,
) -> Callable[[Callable[[_T], _R]], Callable[[_T], _T | _R]]: ...

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.

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@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
import re
import itertools
import textwrap
import functools
try:
from importlib.resources import files # type: ignore
except ImportError: # pragma: nocover
from importlib_resources import files # type: ignore
from jaraco.functools import compose, method_cache
from jaraco.context import ExceptionTrap
def substitution(old, new):
"""
Return a function that will perform a substitution on a string
"""
return lambda s: s.replace(old, new)
def multi_substitution(*substitutions):
"""
Take a sequence of pairs specifying substitutions, and create
a function that performs those substitutions.
>>> multi_substitution(('foo', 'bar'), ('bar', 'baz'))('foo')
'baz'
"""
substitutions = itertools.starmap(substitution, substitutions)
# compose function applies last function first, so reverse the
# substitutions to get the expected order.
substitutions = reversed(tuple(substitutions))
return compose(*substitutions)
class FoldedCase(str):
"""
A case insensitive string class; behaves just like str
except compares equal when the only variation is case.
>>> s = FoldedCase('hello world')
>>> s == 'Hello World'
True
>>> 'Hello World' == s
True
>>> s != 'Hello World'
False
>>> s.index('O')
4
>>> s.split('O')
['hell', ' w', 'rld']
>>> sorted(map(FoldedCase, ['GAMMA', 'alpha', 'Beta']))
['alpha', 'Beta', 'GAMMA']
Sequence membership is straightforward.
>>> "Hello World" in [s]
True
>>> s in ["Hello World"]
True
Allows testing for set inclusion, but candidate and elements
must both be folded.
>>> FoldedCase("Hello World") in {s}
True
>>> s in {FoldedCase("Hello World")}
True
String inclusion works as long as the FoldedCase object
is on the right.
>>> "hello" in FoldedCase("Hello World")
True
But not if the FoldedCase object is on the left:
>>> FoldedCase('hello') in 'Hello World'
False
In that case, use ``in_``:
>>> FoldedCase('hello').in_('Hello World')
True
>>> FoldedCase('hello') > FoldedCase('Hello')
False
>>> FoldedCase('ß') == FoldedCase('ss')
True
"""
def __lt__(self, other):
return self.casefold() < other.casefold()
def __gt__(self, other):
return self.casefold() > other.casefold()
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.casefold() == other.casefold()
def __ne__(self, other):
return self.casefold() != other.casefold()
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.casefold())
def __contains__(self, other):
return super().casefold().__contains__(other.casefold())
def in_(self, other):
"Does self appear in other?"
return self in FoldedCase(other)
# cache casefold since it's likely to be called frequently.
@method_cache
def casefold(self):
return super().casefold()
def index(self, sub):
return self.casefold().index(sub.casefold())
def split(self, splitter=' ', maxsplit=0):
pattern = re.compile(re.escape(splitter), re.I)
return pattern.split(self, maxsplit)
# Python 3.8 compatibility
_unicode_trap = ExceptionTrap(UnicodeDecodeError)
@_unicode_trap.passes
def is_decodable(value):
r"""
Return True if the supplied value is decodable (using the default
encoding).
>>> is_decodable(b'\xff')
False
>>> is_decodable(b'\x32')
True
"""
value.decode()
def is_binary(value):
r"""
Return True if the value appears to be binary (that is, it's a byte
string and isn't decodable).
>>> is_binary(b'\xff')
True
>>> is_binary('\xff')
False
"""
return isinstance(value, bytes) and not is_decodable(value)
def trim(s):
r"""
Trim something like a docstring to remove the whitespace that
is common due to indentation and formatting.
>>> trim("\n\tfoo = bar\n\t\tbar = baz\n")
'foo = bar\n\tbar = baz'
"""
return textwrap.dedent(s).strip()
def wrap(s):
"""
Wrap lines of text, retaining existing newlines as
paragraph markers.
>>> print(wrap(lorem_ipsum))
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad
minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in
reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla
pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in
culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
<BLANKLINE>
Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam
varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus
magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod
gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis
risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue,
eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas
fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla
a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis,
neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing
sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque
nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus
quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis,
molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
"""
paragraphs = s.splitlines()
wrapped = ('\n'.join(textwrap.wrap(para)) for para in paragraphs)
return '\n\n'.join(wrapped)
def unwrap(s):
r"""
Given a multi-line string, return an unwrapped version.
>>> wrapped = wrap(lorem_ipsum)
>>> wrapped.count('\n')
20
>>> unwrapped = unwrap(wrapped)
>>> unwrapped.count('\n')
1
>>> print(unwrapped)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing ...
Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci ...
"""
paragraphs = re.split(r'\n\n+', s)
cleaned = (para.replace('\n', ' ') for para in paragraphs)
return '\n'.join(cleaned)
lorem_ipsum: str = (
files(__name__).joinpath('Lorem ipsum.txt').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
)
class Splitter:
"""object that will split a string with the given arguments for each call
>>> s = Splitter(',')
>>> s('hello, world, this is your, master calling')
['hello', ' world', ' this is your', ' master calling']
"""
def __init__(self, *args):
self.args = args
def __call__(self, s):
return s.split(*self.args)
def indent(string, prefix=' ' * 4):
"""
>>> indent('foo')
' foo'
"""
return prefix + string
class WordSet(tuple):
"""
Given an identifier, return the words that identifier represents,
whether in camel case, underscore-separated, etc.
>>> WordSet.parse("camelCase")
('camel', 'Case')
>>> WordSet.parse("under_sep")
('under', 'sep')
Acronyms should be retained
>>> WordSet.parse("firstSNL")
('first', 'SNL')
>>> WordSet.parse("you_and_I")
('you', 'and', 'I')
>>> WordSet.parse("A simple test")
('A', 'simple', 'test')
Multiple caps should not interfere with the first cap of another word.
>>> WordSet.parse("myABCClass")
('my', 'ABC', 'Class')
The result is a WordSet, providing access to other forms.
>>> WordSet.parse("myABCClass").underscore_separated()
'my_ABC_Class'
>>> WordSet.parse('a-command').camel_case()
'ACommand'
>>> WordSet.parse('someIdentifier').lowered().space_separated()
'some identifier'
Slices of the result should return another WordSet.
>>> WordSet.parse('taken-out-of-context')[1:].underscore_separated()
'out_of_context'
>>> WordSet.from_class_name(WordSet()).lowered().space_separated()
'word set'
>>> example = WordSet.parse('figured it out')
>>> example.headless_camel_case()
'figuredItOut'
>>> example.dash_separated()
'figured-it-out'
"""
_pattern = re.compile('([A-Z]?[a-z]+)|([A-Z]+(?![a-z]))')
def capitalized(self):
return WordSet(word.capitalize() for word in self)
def lowered(self):
return WordSet(word.lower() for word in self)
def camel_case(self):
return ''.join(self.capitalized())
def headless_camel_case(self):
words = iter(self)
first = next(words).lower()
new_words = itertools.chain((first,), WordSet(words).camel_case())
return ''.join(new_words)
def underscore_separated(self):
return '_'.join(self)
def dash_separated(self):
return '-'.join(self)
def space_separated(self):
return ' '.join(self)
def trim_right(self, item):
"""
Remove the item from the end of the set.
>>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim_right('foo')
('foo', 'bar')
>>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim_right('bar')
('foo',)
>>> WordSet.parse('').trim_right('bar')
()
"""
return self[:-1] if self and self[-1] == item else self
def trim_left(self, item):
"""
Remove the item from the beginning of the set.
>>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim_left('foo')
('bar',)
>>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim_left('bar')
('foo', 'bar')
>>> WordSet.parse('').trim_left('bar')
()
"""
return self[1:] if self and self[0] == item else self
def trim(self, item):
"""
>>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim('foo')
('bar',)
"""
return self.trim_left(item).trim_right(item)
def __getitem__(self, item):
result = super().__getitem__(item)
if isinstance(item, slice):
result = WordSet(result)
return result
@classmethod
def parse(cls, identifier):
matches = cls._pattern.finditer(identifier)
return WordSet(match.group(0) for match in matches)
@classmethod
def from_class_name(cls, subject):
return cls.parse(subject.__class__.__name__)
# for backward compatibility
words = WordSet.parse
def simple_html_strip(s):
r"""
Remove HTML from the string `s`.
>>> str(simple_html_strip(''))
''
>>> print(simple_html_strip('A <bold>stormy</bold> day in paradise'))
A stormy day in paradise
>>> print(simple_html_strip('Somebody <!-- do not --> tell the truth.'))
Somebody tell the truth.
>>> print(simple_html_strip('What about<br/>\nmultiple lines?'))
What about
multiple lines?
"""
html_stripper = re.compile('(<!--.*?-->)|(<[^>]*>)|([^<]+)', re.DOTALL)
texts = (match.group(3) or '' for match in html_stripper.finditer(s))
return ''.join(texts)
class SeparatedValues(str):
"""
A string separated by a separator. Overrides __iter__ for getting
the values.
>>> list(SeparatedValues('a,b,c'))
['a', 'b', 'c']
Whitespace is stripped and empty values are discarded.
>>> list(SeparatedValues(' a, b , c, '))
['a', 'b', 'c']
"""
separator = ','
def __iter__(self):
parts = self.split(self.separator)
return filter(None, (part.strip() for part in parts))
class Stripper:
r"""
Given a series of lines, find the common prefix and strip it from them.
>>> lines = [
... 'abcdefg\n',
... 'abc\n',
... 'abcde\n',
... ]
>>> res = Stripper.strip_prefix(lines)
>>> res.prefix
'abc'
>>> list(res.lines)
['defg\n', '\n', 'de\n']
If no prefix is common, nothing should be stripped.
>>> lines = [
... 'abcd\n',
... '1234\n',
... ]
>>> res = Stripper.strip_prefix(lines)
>>> res.prefix = ''
>>> list(res.lines)
['abcd\n', '1234\n']
"""
def __init__(self, prefix, lines):
self.prefix = prefix
self.lines = map(self, lines)
@classmethod
def strip_prefix(cls, lines):
prefix_lines, lines = itertools.tee(lines)
prefix = functools.reduce(cls.common_prefix, prefix_lines)
return cls(prefix, lines)
def __call__(self, line):
if not self.prefix:
return line
null, prefix, rest = line.partition(self.prefix)
return rest
@staticmethod
def common_prefix(s1, s2):
"""
Return the common prefix of two lines.
"""
index = min(len(s1), len(s2))
while s1[:index] != s2[:index]:
index -= 1
return s1[:index]
def remove_prefix(text, prefix):
"""
Remove the prefix from the text if it exists.
>>> remove_prefix('underwhelming performance', 'underwhelming ')
'performance'
>>> remove_prefix('something special', 'sample')
'something special'
"""
null, prefix, rest = text.rpartition(prefix)
return rest
def remove_suffix(text, suffix):
"""
Remove the suffix from the text if it exists.
>>> remove_suffix('name.git', '.git')
'name'
>>> remove_suffix('something special', 'sample')
'something special'
"""
rest, suffix, null = text.partition(suffix)
return rest
def normalize_newlines(text):
r"""
Replace alternate newlines with the canonical newline.
>>> normalize_newlines('Lorem Ipsum\u2029')
'Lorem Ipsum\n'
>>> normalize_newlines('Lorem Ipsum\r\n')
'Lorem Ipsum\n'
>>> normalize_newlines('Lorem Ipsum\x85')
'Lorem Ipsum\n'
"""
newlines = ['\r\n', '\r', '\n', '\u0085', '\u2028', '\u2029']
pattern = '|'.join(newlines)
return re.sub(pattern, '\n', text)
def _nonblank(str):
return str and not str.startswith('#')
@functools.singledispatch
def yield_lines(iterable):
r"""
Yield valid lines of a string or iterable.
>>> list(yield_lines(''))
[]
>>> list(yield_lines(['foo', 'bar']))
['foo', 'bar']
>>> list(yield_lines('foo\nbar'))
['foo', 'bar']
>>> list(yield_lines('\nfoo\n#bar\nbaz #comment'))
['foo', 'baz #comment']
>>> list(yield_lines(['foo\nbar', 'baz', 'bing\n\n\n']))
['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'bing']
"""
return itertools.chain.from_iterable(map(yield_lines, iterable))
@yield_lines.register(str)
def _(text):
return filter(_nonblank, map(str.strip, text.splitlines()))
def drop_comment(line):
"""
Drop comments.
>>> drop_comment('foo # bar')
'foo'
A hash without a space may be in a URL.
>>> drop_comment('http://example.com/foo#bar')
'http://example.com/foo#bar'
"""
return line.partition(' #')[0]
def join_continuation(lines):
r"""
Join lines continued by a trailing backslash.
>>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar', 'baz']))
['foobar', 'baz']
>>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar', 'baz']))
['foobar', 'baz']
>>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar \\', 'baz']))
['foobarbaz']
Not sure why, but...
The character preceding the backslash is also elided.
>>> list(join_continuation(['goo\\', 'dly']))
['godly']
A terrible idea, but...
If no line is available to continue, suppress the lines.
>>> list(join_continuation(['foo', 'bar\\', 'baz\\']))
['foo']
"""
lines = iter(lines)
for item in lines:
while item.endswith('\\'):
try:
item = item[:-2].strip() + next(lines)
except StopIteration:
return
yield item
def read_newlines(filename, limit=1024):
r"""
>>> tmp_path = getfixture('tmp_path')
>>> filename = tmp_path / 'out.txt'
>>> _ = filename.write_text('foo\n', newline='', encoding='utf-8')
>>> read_newlines(filename)
'\n'
>>> _ = filename.write_text('foo\r\n', newline='', encoding='utf-8')
>>> read_newlines(filename)
'\r\n'
>>> _ = filename.write_text('foo\r\nbar\nbing\r', newline='', encoding='utf-8')
>>> read_newlines(filename)
('\r', '\n', '\r\n')
"""
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
fp.read(limit)
return fp.newlines

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@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
qwerty = "-=qwertyuiop[]asdfghjkl;'zxcvbnm,./_+QWERTYUIOP{}ASDFGHJKL:\"ZXCVBNM<>?"
dvorak = "[]',.pyfgcrl/=aoeuidhtns-;qjkxbmwvz{}\"<>PYFGCRL?+AOEUIDHTNS_:QJKXBMWVZ"
to_dvorak = str.maketrans(qwerty, dvorak)
to_qwerty = str.maketrans(dvorak, qwerty)
def translate(input, translation):
"""
>>> translate('dvorak', to_dvorak)
'ekrpat'
>>> translate('qwerty', to_qwerty)
'x,dokt'
"""
return input.translate(translation)
def _translate_stream(stream, translation):
"""
>>> import io
>>> _translate_stream(io.StringIO('foo'), to_dvorak)
urr
"""
print(translate(stream.read(), translation))

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
import autocommand
import inflect
from more_itertools import always_iterable
import jaraco.text
def report_newlines(filename):
r"""
Report the newlines in the indicated file.
>>> tmp_path = getfixture('tmp_path')
>>> filename = tmp_path / 'out.txt'
>>> _ = filename.write_text('foo\nbar\n', newline='', encoding='utf-8')
>>> report_newlines(filename)
newline is '\n'
>>> filename = tmp_path / 'out.txt'
>>> _ = filename.write_text('foo\nbar\r\n', newline='', encoding='utf-8')
>>> report_newlines(filename)
newlines are ('\n', '\r\n')
"""
newlines = jaraco.text.read_newlines(filename)
count = len(tuple(always_iterable(newlines)))
engine = inflect.engine()
print(
engine.plural_noun("newline", count),
engine.plural_verb("is", count),
repr(newlines),
)
autocommand.autocommand(__name__)(report_newlines)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
import sys
import autocommand
from jaraco.text import Stripper
def strip_prefix():
r"""
Strip any common prefix from stdin.
>>> import io, pytest
>>> getfixture('monkeypatch').setattr('sys.stdin', io.StringIO('abcdef\nabc123'))
>>> strip_prefix()
def
123
"""
sys.stdout.writelines(Stripper.strip_prefix(sys.stdin).lines)
autocommand.autocommand(__name__)(strip_prefix)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
import sys
from . import layouts
__name__ == '__main__' and layouts._translate_stream(sys.stdin, layouts.to_dvorak)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
import sys
from . import layouts
__name__ == '__main__' and layouts._translate_stream(sys.stdin, layouts.to_qwerty)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
Copyright (c) 2012 Erik Rose
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: more-itertools
Version: 10.3.0
Summary: More routines for operating on iterables, beyond itertools
Keywords: itertools,iterator,iteration,filter,peek,peekable,chunk,chunked
Author-email: Erik Rose <erikrose@grinchcentral.com>
Requires-Python: >=3.8
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: Natural Language :: English
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/more-itertools/more-itertools
==============
More Itertools
==============
.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/more-itertools/badge/?version=latest
:target: https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
Python's ``itertools`` library is a gem - you can compose elegant solutions
for a variety of problems with the functions it provides. In ``more-itertools``
we collect additional building blocks, recipes, and routines for working with
Python iterables.
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grouping | `chunked <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.chunked>`_, |
| | `ichunked <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.ichunked>`_, |
| | `chunked_even <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.chunked_even>`_, |
| | `sliced <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.sliced>`_, |
| | `constrained_batches <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.constrained_batches>`_, |
| | `distribute <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.distribute>`_, |
| | `divide <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.divide>`_, |
| | `split_at <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.split_at>`_, |
| | `split_before <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.split_before>`_, |
| | `split_after <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.split_after>`_, |
| | `split_into <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.split_into>`_, |
| | `split_when <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.split_when>`_, |
| | `bucket <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.bucket>`_, |
| | `unzip <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.unzip>`_, |
| | `batched <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.batched>`_, |
| | `grouper <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.grouper>`_, |
| | `partition <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.partition>`_, |
| | `transpose <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.transpose>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lookahead and lookback | `spy <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.spy>`_, |
| | `peekable <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.peekable>`_, |
| | `seekable <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.seekable>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Windowing | `windowed <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.windowed>`_, |
| | `substrings <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.substrings>`_, |
| | `substrings_indexes <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.substrings_indexes>`_, |
| | `stagger <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.stagger>`_, |
| | `windowed_complete <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.windowed_complete>`_, |
| | `pairwise <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.pairwise>`_, |
| | `triplewise <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.triplewise>`_, |
| | `sliding_window <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.sliding_window>`_, |
| | `subslices <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.subslices>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Augmenting | `count_cycle <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.count_cycle>`_, |
| | `intersperse <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.intersperse>`_, |
| | `padded <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.padded>`_, |
| | `repeat_each <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.repeat_each>`_, |
| | `mark_ends <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.mark_ends>`_, |
| | `repeat_last <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.repeat_last>`_, |
| | `adjacent <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.adjacent>`_, |
| | `groupby_transform <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.groupby_transform>`_, |
| | `pad_none <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.pad_none>`_, |
| | `ncycles <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.ncycles>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Combining | `collapse <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.collapse>`_, |
| | `sort_together <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.sort_together>`_, |
| | `interleave <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.interleave>`_, |
| | `interleave_longest <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.interleave_longest>`_, |
| | `interleave_evenly <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.interleave_evenly>`_, |
| | `zip_offset <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.zip_offset>`_, |
| | `zip_equal <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.zip_equal>`_, |
| | `zip_broadcast <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.zip_broadcast>`_, |
| | `flatten <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.flatten>`_, |
| | `roundrobin <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.roundrobin>`_, |
| | `prepend <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.prepend>`_, |
| | `value_chain <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.value_chain>`_, |
| | `partial_product <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.partial_product>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Summarizing | `ilen <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.ilen>`_, |
| | `unique_to_each <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.unique_to_each>`_, |
| | `sample <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.sample>`_, |
| | `consecutive_groups <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.consecutive_groups>`_, |
| | `run_length <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.run_length>`_, |
| | `map_reduce <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.map_reduce>`_, |
| | `join_mappings <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.join_mappings>`_, |
| | `exactly_n <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.exactly_n>`_, |
| | `is_sorted <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.is_sorted>`_, |
| | `all_equal <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.all_equal>`_, |
| | `all_unique <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.all_unique>`_, |
| | `minmax <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.minmax>`_, |
| | `first_true <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.first_true>`_, |
| | `quantify <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.quantify>`_, |
| | `iequals <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.iequals>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Selecting | `islice_extended <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.islice_extended>`_, |
| | `first <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.first>`_, |
| | `last <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.last>`_, |
| | `one <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.one>`_, |
| | `only <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.only>`_, |
| | `strictly_n <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.strictly_n>`_, |
| | `strip <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.strip>`_, |
| | `lstrip <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.lstrip>`_, |
| | `rstrip <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.rstrip>`_, |
| | `filter_except <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.filter_except>`_, |
| | `map_except <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.map_except>`_, |
| | `filter_map <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.filter_map>`_, |
| | `iter_suppress <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.iter_suppress>`_, |
| | `nth_or_last <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.nth_or_last>`_, |
| | `unique_in_window <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.unique_in_window>`_, |
| | `before_and_after <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.before_and_after>`_, |
| | `nth <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.nth>`_, |
| | `take <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.take>`_, |
| | `tail <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.tail>`_, |
| | `unique_everseen <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.unique_everseen>`_, |
| | `unique_justseen <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.unique_justseen>`_, |
| | `unique <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.unique>`_, |
| | `duplicates_everseen <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.duplicates_everseen>`_, |
| | `duplicates_justseen <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.duplicates_justseen>`_, |
| | `classify_unique <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.classify_unique>`_, |
| | `longest_common_prefix <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.longest_common_prefix>`_, |
| | `takewhile_inclusive <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.takewhile_inclusive>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Math | `dft <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.dft>`_, |
| | `idft <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.idft>`_, |
| | `convolve <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.convolve>`_, |
| | `dotproduct <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.dotproduct>`_, |
| | `factor <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.factor>`_, |
| | `matmul <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.matmul>`_, |
| | `polynomial_from_roots <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.polynomial_from_roots>`_, |
| | `polynomial_derivative <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.polynomial_derivative>`_, |
| | `polynomial_eval <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.polynomial_eval>`_, |
| | `sieve <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.sieve>`_, |
| | `sum_of_squares <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.sum_of_squares>`_, |
| | `totient <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.totient>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Combinatorics | `distinct_permutations <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.distinct_permutations>`_, |
| | `distinct_combinations <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.distinct_combinations>`_, |
| | `circular_shifts <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.circular_shifts>`_, |
| | `partitions <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.partitions>`_, |
| | `set_partitions <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.set_partitions>`_, |
| | `product_index <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.product_index>`_, |
| | `combination_index <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.combination_index>`_, |
| | `permutation_index <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.permutation_index>`_, |
| | `combination_with_replacement_index <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.combination_with_replacement_index>`_, |
| | `gray_product <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.gray_product>`_, |
| | `outer_product <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.outer_product>`_, |
| | `powerset <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.powerset>`_, |
| | `powerset_of_sets <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.powerset_of_sets>`_, |
| | `random_product <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.random_product>`_, |
| | `random_permutation <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.random_permutation>`_, |
| | `random_combination <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.random_combination>`_, |
| | `random_combination_with_replacement <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.random_combination_with_replacement>`_, |
| | `nth_product <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.nth_product>`_, |
| | `nth_permutation <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.nth_permutation>`_, |
| | `nth_combination <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.nth_combination>`_, |
| | `nth_combination_with_replacement <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.nth_combination_with_replacement>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Wrapping | `always_iterable <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.always_iterable>`_, |
| | `always_reversible <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.always_reversible>`_, |
| | `countable <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.countable>`_, |
| | `consumer <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.consumer>`_, |
| | `with_iter <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.with_iter>`_, |
| | `iter_except <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.iter_except>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Others | `locate <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.locate>`_, |
| | `rlocate <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.rlocate>`_, |
| | `replace <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.replace>`_, |
| | `numeric_range <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.numeric_range>`_, |
| | `side_effect <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.side_effect>`_, |
| | `iterate <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.iterate>`_, |
| | `difference <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.difference>`_, |
| | `make_decorator <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.make_decorator>`_, |
| | `SequenceView <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.SequenceView>`_, |
| | `time_limited <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.time_limited>`_, |
| | `map_if <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.map_if>`_, |
| | `iter_index <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.iter_index>`_, |
| | `consume <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.consume>`_, |
| | `tabulate <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.tabulate>`_, |
| | `repeatfunc <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.repeatfunc>`_, |
| | `reshape <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.reshape>`_ |
| | `doublestarmap <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#more_itertools.doublestarmap>`_ |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Getting started
===============
To get started, install the library with `pip <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/>`_:
.. code-block:: shell
pip install more-itertools
The recipes from the `itertools docs <https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html#itertools-recipes>`_
are included in the top-level package:
.. code-block:: python
>>> from more_itertools import flatten
>>> iterable = [(0, 1), (2, 3)]
>>> list(flatten(iterable))
[0, 1, 2, 3]
Several new recipes are available as well:
.. code-block:: python
>>> from more_itertools import chunked
>>> iterable = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> list(chunked(iterable, 3))
[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]
>>> from more_itertools import spy
>>> iterable = (x * x for x in range(1, 6))
>>> head, iterable = spy(iterable, n=3)
>>> list(head)
[1, 4, 9]
>>> list(iterable)
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
For the full listing of functions, see the `API documentation <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html>`_.
Links elsewhere
===============
Blog posts about ``more-itertools``:
* `Yo, I heard you like decorators <https://www.bbayles.com/index/decorator_factory>`__
* `Tour of Python Itertools <https://martinheinz.dev/blog/16>`__ (`Alternate <https://dev.to/martinheinz/tour-of-python-itertools-4122>`__)
* `Real-World Python More Itertools <https://www.gidware.com/real-world-more-itertools/>`_
Development
===========
``more-itertools`` is maintained by `@erikrose <https://github.com/erikrose>`_
and `@bbayles <https://github.com/bbayles>`_, with help from `many others <https://github.com/more-itertools/more-itertools/graphs/contributors>`_.
If you have a problem or suggestion, please file a bug or pull request in this
repository. Thanks for contributing!
Version History
===============
The version history can be found in `documentation <https://more-itertools.readthedocs.io/en/stable/versions.html>`_.

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Wheel-Version: 1.0
Generator: flit 3.8.0
Root-Is-Purelib: true
Tag: py3-none-any

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"""More routines for operating on iterables, beyond itertools"""
from .more import * # noqa
from .recipes import * # noqa
__version__ = '10.3.0'

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